Comparison of known and suspected pheromonal constituents in males of African ticks, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch and Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius)

Abstract

Three low molecular weight compounds were found in hexane:diethyl ether extracts of fed males of the African ticks, Amblyomma variegatum (tropical bont tick) and A. hebraeum (bont tick), namely, o-nitrophenol, methyl salicylate and 2,6-dichlorophenol. These same compounds were also fond in a rinse of fed A. variegatum males, but were absent or present in only trace amounts in a rinse of fed A. hebraeum males, o-Nitrophenol and methyl salicylate were present in much higher concentrations (i.e., amounts/tick) in A. variegatum than in A. hebraeum. 2,6-Dichlorophenol was also more abundant in A. variegatum than in A. hebraeum, but the differences were not as great as with the former two compounds. Extraction in hexane over a 3-week period revealed four additional compounds, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzothiazole and nonanoic acid. The first three compounds were found in males of both species; nonanoic acid was found only in A. hebraeum males. Published reports consistently show strong attraction by o-nitrophenol and methyl salicylate for both sexes of the two bont tick species; 2,6-dichlorophenol and benzaldehyde have been reported to be attractive to both sexes of A. hebraeum. The possible roles of these compounds, as well as others occasionally reported from A. hebraeum and A. variegatum, as components of the aggregation/attachment pheromone or other pheromones is discussed.