Total cholesterol and oxysterols: early markers for cognitive decline in elderly?

Abstract

In this prospective study we examined whether total cholesterol and the oxysterols 24S- and 27-hydroxycholesterol were related to cognitive performance and rate of cognitive decline in elderly, and whether these associations were modified by ApoE epsilon 4. Data were collected during 6 years of follow-up as part of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (N=1181, age >or=65 years), and analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Cognitive performance was measured with the mini-mental state examination (general cognition), the auditory verbal learning test (memory) and the coding task (information processing speed). Lower cholesterol at baseline was negatively associated with both general cognition (p=.012) and information processing speed (p=.045). ApoE modified the association between cholesterol and cognitive decline, and the association between the ratio of 27-hydroxycholesterol to cholesterol and cognitive functioning. In ApoE epsilon 4 carriers, lower cholesterol was related to a higher rate of decline on information processing speed (p=.006), and a higher ratio of 27-hydroxycholesterol to cholesterol was related to a lower level of general performance (p=.002) and memory functioning (p=.045). The results implicate that lower total cholesterol may be considered as a frailty marker, predictive of lower cognitive functioning in elderly.