Combined modality treatment of early rectal cancer: the UK experience

Abstract

With the introduction of colorectal screening in the UK, more patients will probably be diagnosed with early rectal cancer. The UK has an increasingly elderly population and not all patients diagnosed with early rectal cancer will be suitable for radical surgery. Therefore, a national plan is needed to develop the provision of alternative local treatment with equity of access across the country. Here we review the Clatterbridge Centre for Oncology multimodality treatment policy, which has been in clinical practice since 1993 and we discuss its rationale. Clatterbridge is the only centre in the UK offering Papillon-style contact radiotherapy. In total, 220 patients have been treated over 14 years, most of whom were referred from other centres. One hundred and twenty-four patients received Papillon (contact radiotherapy) as part of their multimodality management. The guidelines of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland recommend local treatment for T1 tumours<3 cm in diameter, but this refers to treatment by surgery alone. There are no published national guidelines for radiotherapy. We plan each treatment in stages and achieve excellent local control (93% at 3 years) with low morbidity. We conclude that radical local treatment for cure can be offered safely to carefully selected elderly patients. Close follow-up is necessary so that effective salvage treatment can be offered. Because of a lack of randomised trial evidence, at present local radiotherapy is not yet accepted as an alternative option to the gold standard surgical treatment. Even with international collaboration, a randomised trial will be difficult to complete as the number of cases requiring local radiotherapy is small due to the highly selective nature of the treatment involved. However, an observational phase II trial is planned. In addition, the Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery Users Group is also planning a phase II trial using preoperative radiotherapy. These studies will provide evidence to help establish the true role of radiotherapy in early rectal cancer.