Oxidative modification to cysteine sulfonic acid of Cys111 in human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase

Abstract

Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) plays a protective role against oxidative stress. On the other hand, recent studies suggest that SOD1 itself is a major target of oxidative damage and has its own pathogenicity in various neurodegenerative diseases, including familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Only human and great ape SOD1s among mammals have the highly reactive free cysteine residue, Cys(111), at the surface of the SOD1 molecule. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Cys(111) in the oxidative damage of the SOD1 protein, by comparing the oxidative susceptibility of recombinant human SOD1 modified with 2-mercaptoethanol at Cys(111) (2-ME-SOD1) to wild-type SOD1. Wild-type SOD1 was more sensitive to oxidation by hydrogen peroxide-generating fragments, oligomers, and charge isomers compared with 2-ME-SOD1. Moreover, wild-type SOD1, but not 2-ME-SOD1, generated an upper shifted band in reducing SDS-PAGE even by air oxidation. Using mass spectrometry and limited proteolysis, this upper band was identified as an oxidized subunit of SOD1; the sulfhydryl group (Cys-SH) of Cys(111) was selectively oxidized to cysteine sulfinic acid (Cys-SO(2)H) and to cysteine sulfonic acid (Cys-SO(3)H). The antibody raised against a synthesized peptide containing Cys(111)-SO(3)H reacted with only the Cys(111)-peroxidized SOD1 by Western blot analysis and labeled Lewy body-like hyaline inclusions and vacuole rims in the spinal cord of human SOD1-mutated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice by immunohistochemical analysis. These results suggest that Cys(111) is a primary target for oxidative modification and plays an important role in oxidative damage to human SOD1, including familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mutants.