Hot and cool forms of inhibitory control and externalizing behavior in children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy: an exploratory study

doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9180-x

. 2008 Apr;36(3):323-33.

doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9180-x. Epub 2007 Oct 9.

Hot and cool forms of inhibitory control and externalizing behavior in children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy: an exploratory study

Stephan C J Huijbregts¹, Alison J Warren, Leo M J de Sonneville, Hanna Swaab-Barneveld

Affiliations

Affiliation

¹ Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands. SHuijbregts@fsw.leidenuniv.nl

PMID: 17924184
PMCID: PMC2268722
DOI: 10.1007/s10802-007-9180-x

Hot and cool forms of inhibitory control and externalizing behavior in children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy: an exploratory study

Stephan C J Huijbregts et al. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008 Apr.

. 2008 Apr;36(3):323-33.

doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9180-x. Epub 2007 Oct 9.

Authors

Stephan C J Huijbregts¹, Alison J Warren, Leo M J de Sonneville, Hanna Swaab-Barneveld

Affiliation

¹ Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands. SHuijbregts@fsw.leidenuniv.nl

PMID: 17924184
PMCID: PMC2268722
DOI: 10.1007/s10802-007-9180-x

Abstract

This study examined whether children exposed to prenatal smoking show deficits in "hot" and/or "cool" executive functioning (EF). Hot EF is involved in regulation of affect and motivation, whereas cool EF is involved in handling abstract, decontextualized problems. Forty 7 to 9-year-old children (15 exposed to prenatal smoking, 25 non-exposed) performed two computerized tasks. The Sustained Attention Dots (SA-Dots) Task (as a measure of "cool" inhibitory control) requires 400 non-dominant hand and 200 dominant hand responses. Inhibitory control of the prepotent response is required for dominant hand responses. The Delay Frustration Task (DeFT) (as a measure of "hot" inhibitory control) consists of 55 simple maths exercises. On a number of trials delays are introduced before the next question appears on the screen. The extent of response-button pressing during delays indicates frustration-induced inhibitory control. Prenatally exposed children showed poorer inhibitory control in the DeFT than non-exposed children. A dose-response relationship was also observed. In addition, prenatally exposed children had significantly higher (dose-dependent) conduct problem- and hyperactivity-inattention scores. There were no significant group differences in inhibitory control scores from the SA-Dots. These results indicate that children exposed to prenatal smoking are at higher risk of hot but not cool executive function deficits.

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Figures

**Fig. 1**
Mean standardized scores on the SA-dots task, the Delay Frustration Task, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for non-exposed vs exposed offspring. *Bias* and *RTae* are the inhibitory control measures from the SA-Dots task. *DF-np* (mean number of presses during 20 s intervals), *DF-tp* (mean duration of presses during 20 s intervals), and *DF-np*tp* (product of *DF-np* and *DF-tp*) are the inhibitory control measures from the Delay Frustration Task. *SDQ-CP*: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire—Conduct Problems, *SDQ-HI*: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire—Hyperactivity/Inattention

**Fig. 2**
Dose-dependency in associations between maternal prenatal smoking and scores on the Delay Frustration Task and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. *DF-np* (mean number of presses during 20 s intervals), *DF-tp* (duration of presses during 20 s intervals), and *DF-np*tp* (product of DF-NP and DF-TP) are the inhibitory control measures from the delay frustration task. *SDQ-CP*: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire—Conduct Problems, *SDQ-HI*: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire—Hyperactivity/Inattention

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Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65–94. - PubMed

[2] {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'DOI', 'value': '10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65'}, {'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '9000892', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9000892/'}]}

[3] Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65–94. - PubMed

[4] {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'DOI', 'value': '10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.09.001', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.09.001'}, {'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '14652157', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14652157/'}]}

Batstra, L., Hadders-Algra, M., & Neeleman, J. (2003). Effect of antenatal exposure to maternal smoking on behavioural problems and academic achievement in childhood: Prospective evidence from a Dutch birth cohort. Early Human Development, 75, 21–33. - PubMed

[5] {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'DOI', 'value': '10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.09.001', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.09.001'}, {'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '14652157', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14652157/'}]}

[6] Batstra, L., Hadders-Algra, M., & Neeleman, J. (2003). Effect of antenatal exposure to maternal smoking on behavioural problems and academic achievement in childhood: Prospective evidence from a Dutch birth cohort. Early Human Development, 75, 21–33. - PubMed

[7] {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'DOI', 'value': '10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3'}, {'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '8039375', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8039375/'}]}

Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50, 7–15. - PubMed

[8] {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'DOI', 'value': '10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3'}, {'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '8039375', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8039375/'}]}

[9] Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50, 7–15. - PubMed

[10] {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'DOI', 'value': '10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.06.031', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.06.031'}, {'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '16364448', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364448/'}]}

Bitsakou, P., Antrop, I., Wiersema, J. R., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2006). Probing the limits of delay tolerance: Preliminary young adult data from the Delay Frustration Task (DeFT). Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 151, 38–44. - PubMed

[11] {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'DOI', 'value': '10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.06.031', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.06.031'}, {'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '16364448', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364448/'}]}

[12] Bitsakou, P., Antrop, I., Wiersema, J. R., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2006). Probing the limits of delay tolerance: Preliminary young adult data from the Delay Frustration Task (DeFT). Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 151, 38–44. - PubMed

[13] {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'DOI', 'value': '10.1097/01.chi.0000159157.57075.c8', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000159157.57075.c8'}, {'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '15908838', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15908838/'}]}

Bourdon, K. H., Goodman, R., Rae, D. S., Simpson, G., & Koretz, D. S. (2005). The Strengths and difficulties questionnaire: U.S. normative data and psychometric properties. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 557–564. - PubMed

[14] {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'DOI', 'value': '10.1097/01.chi.0000159157.57075.c8', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000159157.57075.c8'}, {'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '15908838', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15908838/'}]}

[15] Bourdon, K. H., Goodman, R., Rae, D. S., Simpson, G., & Koretz, D. S. (2005). The Strengths and difficulties questionnaire: U.S. normative data and psychometric properties. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 557–564. - PubMed

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Hot and cool forms of inhibitory control and externalizing behavior in children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy: an exploratory study

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Hot and cool forms of inhibitory control and externalizing behavior in children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy: an exploratory study

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