Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys

Abstract

Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used in Western countries.

Objectives: Because the prevalence of cryptorchidism appears to be increasing, we investigated whether exposure to PBDEs was associated with testicular maldescent.

Methods: In a prospective Danish-Finnish study, 1997-2001, all boys were examined for cryptorchidism. We analyzed whole placentas (for 95 cryptorchid/185 healthy boys) and individual breast milk samples (62/68) for 14 PBDEs and infant serum samples for gonadotropins, sex-hormone binding globulin, testosterone, and inhibin B.

Results: In 86 placenta-milk pairs, placenta PBDE concentrations in fat were lower than in breast milk, and a larger number of congeners were nondetectable. There was no significant difference between boys with and without cryptorchidism for individual congeners, the sum of 5 most prevalent, or all 14 congeners. The concentration of PBDEs in breast milk was significantly higher in boys with cryptorchidism than in controls (sum of BDEs 47, 153, 99, 100, 28, 66, and 154: median, 4.16 vs. 3.16 ng/g fat; p < 0.007). There was a positive correlation between the sum of PBDEs and serum luteinizing hormone (p < 0.033). The sum of PBDEs in breast milk did not differ between Denmark and Finland (median, 3.52 vs. 3.44 ng/g fat), but significant differences in some individual congeners were found.

Conclusions: Two different proxies were used for prenatal PBDE exposure, and levels in breast milk, but not in placenta, showed an association with congenital cryptorchidism. Other environmental factors may contribute to cryptorchidism. Our observations are of concern because human exposure to PBDEs is high in some geographic areas.

Keywords: breast milk; cryptorchidism; exposure; human; infant; polybrominated diphenyl ethers.

Figure 1

Sum of the 7 most prevalent PBDEs in breast milk samples (BDEs 47, 153, 99, 100, 28, 66, 154, log-transformed values) from Denmark and Finland in boys with cryptorchidism (n = 62, blue) and healthy boys (n = 68, white). The box plot shows medians and interquartile ranges.

Figure 2

Concentration (percentiles) of the sum of all PBDEs, BDE-47, and BDE-100 (ng/g fat) in human breast milk samples from Denmark (n = 65) and Finland (n = 65), 1997–2001. Note the differences in absolute values in the y-axis.