Horizontal transfer of genetic determinants for degradation of phenol between the bacteria living in plant and its rhizosphere

Abstract

Phenol and other monocyclic aromatic compounds (MACs) are highly water-soluble and volatile pollutants that plants are unable to completely degrade. Endophytic bacteria with MAC-degrading ability will facilitate phytoremediation, beneficial to plant survival in contaminated soil. Endophytic bacteria, strains FX1-FX3, and rhizosphere bacteria, strains FX0, FX4, and FX5, were isolated from the root tissue of a corn plant (Zea mays) and the corn rhizosphere near a chemical plant, respectively. The strains FX1-FX5 were able to grow on phenol and reduce phenol concentration, but the strain FX0 was unable to. The strains FX1, FX3, and FX4 were classified as Pseudomonas fluorescens and FX0, FX2, and FX5 as Burkholderia cepacia. The plasmids isolated from the strains FX1-FX5 were found to possess similar traits and to be loaded with a gene encoding the catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase (C23O), a key enzyme in the phenol degradation pathway. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis inferred that in situ horizontal transfer of the C23O gene might have occurred. The horizontal transfer of the C23O gene between endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria was proved by using conjugal matings experiment, in which the transconjugants were found to acquire the plasmid with the C23O gene, able to grow on phenol and degrade phenol.