Advances in the treatment of unstable angina pectoris

Abstract

The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and diagnosis, and drug and nondrug therapies of unstable angina pectoris are reviewed. Coronary-artery plaque fissure and rupture, with subsequent platelet aggregation and thrombosis, are the primary underlying stimuli for unstable angina. Unstable angina has been defined as consisting of new-onset angina; angina that is increasing in frequency, intensity, or duration (crescendo angina); or angina at rest. The diagnosis of unstable angina is based on the clinical presentation, electrocardiographic findings, the lack of evidence of myocardial infarction (MI), exercise testing, and coronary angiography. I.V. nitroglycerin is the cornerstone of medical therapy for unstable angina, it relieves chest pain and has a short onset of action. I.V. nitroglycerin, however, has not been shown to reduce the occurrence of MI or death, and its beneficial effects may decrease over time. Aspirin reduces the occurrence of MI and death in patients with unstable angina, but the ideal dosage has not been established. Heparin may reduce the frequency of angina and MI, but its effect on mortality is unknown. Nifedipine has produced beneficial effects in small trials, whereas larger trials have suggested that the drug has deleterious effects when used in the treatment of unstable angina. Verapamil and diltiazem may be effective in relieving chest pain. Calcium-channel blockers have generally not been proved to reduce the risk of MI and death. Data evaluating the efficacy of beta-adrenergic blockers as monotherapy for unstable angina are lacking; these drugs should not be used in patients with vasospastic or Prinzmetal's angina. Thrombolytic therapy has produced mixed results when used in the treatment of unstable angina. Nondrug therapies for unstable angina include intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and coronary-artery bypass surgery. Numerous drug and nondrug therapies may be employed in the treatment of unstable angina pectoris.