Fetal growth restriction in preterm infants and cardiovascular function at five years of age

Abstract

Objectives: We have previously reported an increased cardiac workload in newborn preterm small (SGA) infants, but not in infants appropriate for gestational age (AGA). We hypothesized that these cardiovascular changes will persist at follow-up at 5 years of age.

Study design: We assessed blood pressure, echocardiography, and skin perfusion with laser Doppler flowmetry in 22 SGA (821 +/- 248 g, 28.5 +/- 2.5 gestational weeks) and in 25 AGA (1065 +/- 241 g, 27.6 +/- 0.8 weeks) preterm children at age 5 years. Laser Doppler flowmetry also was used in 13 control children (3982 +/- 425 g, 40.4 +/- 1.8 weeks).

Results: The preterm children in both the SGA and AGA groups had similar higher systolic blood pressures, increased interventricular septum thicknesses, and smaller left ventricular end-diastolic diameters compared with population reference values. Maximal endothelium-independent perfusion to sodium nitroprusside was higher and maximal endothelium-dependent perfusion to acetylcholine reached a plateau earlier in the AGA preterm group than in the control group.

Conclusions: Prematurity may impair cardiovascular function independently of intrauterine growth restriction. Altered cardiac dimensions and differences in perfusion responses may reflect increased cardiac afterload.