Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2007 Nov;9 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):S555-70.
doi: 10.1080/14622200701673480.

Time to first cigarette in the morning as an index of ability to quit smoking: implications for nicotine dependence

Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center (TTURC) Tobacco Dependence; Timothy B Baker, Megan E Piper, Danielle E McCarthy, Daniel M Bolt, Stevens S Smith, Su-Young Kim, Suzanne Colby, David Conti, Gary A Giovino, Dorothy Hatsukami, Andrew Hyland, Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin, Raymond Niaura, Kenneth A Perkins, Benjamin A Toll

Time to first cigarette in the morning as an index of ability to quit smoking: implications for nicotine dependence

Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center (TTURC) Tobacco Dependence et al. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007 Nov.

Abstract

An inability to maintain abstinence is a key indicator of tobacco dependence. Unfortunately, little evidence exists regarding the ability of the major tobacco dependence measures to predict smoking cessation outcome. This paper used data from four placebo-controlled smoking cessation trials and one international epidemiological study to determine relations between cessation success and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), the Heaviness of Smoking Index, the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale, and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives. Results showed that much of the predictive validity of the FTND could be attributed to its first item, time to first cigarette in the morning, and this item had greater validity than any other single measure. Thus the time-to-first-cigarette item appears to tap a pattern of heavy, uninterrupted, and automatic smoking and may be a good single-item measure of nicotine dependence.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Time to lapse for all 4 categories of FTND 1 response
Figure 2
Figure 2
Time to relapse for all 4 categories of FTND 1 response
Figure 3
Figure 3
Time between first lapse and ultimate relapse for all 4 categories of FTND 1 response
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Alterman AI, Gariti P, Cook TG, Cnaan A. Nicotidermal patch adherence and its correlates. Drug & Alcohol Dependence. 1999;53:159–165. - PubMed
    1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth. Washington D. C.: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
    1. Baker TB, Piper ME, McCarthy DE, Majeskie MR, Fiore MC. Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review. 2004;111:33–51. - PubMed
    1. Breslau N, Johnson EO. Predicting smoking cessation and major depression in nicotine-dependent smokers. American Journal of Public Health. 2000;90:1122–1127. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Campbell IA, Prescott RJ, Tjeder-Burton SM. Trnsdermal nicotine plus support in patients attending hospital with smoking-related diseases: a placebo-controlled study. Respiratory Medicine. 1996;90:47–51. - PubMed

Publication types