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. 2008 Jan;38(1):11-23.
doi: 10.1007/s10519-007-9178-8. Epub 2007 Dec 12.

Genetic and environmental influences on the relation between attention problems and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Eske M Derks  1 , James J Hudziak, Conor V Dolan, Toos C E M van Beijsterveldt, Frank C Verhulst, Dorret I Boomsma
Affiliations

Genetic and environmental influences on the relation between attention problems and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Eske M Derks et al. Behav Genet. 2008 Jan.

Abstract

Objective: The assessment of symptoms of ADHD in children is usually based on a clinical interview or a behavior checklist. The aim of the present study is to investigate the extent to which these instruments measure an underlying construct and to estimate the genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in ADHD.

Methods: Maternal ratings were collected on 10,916 twins from 5,458 families. Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) ratings were available for 10,018, 6,565, and 5,780 twins at the ages 7, 10, and 12, respectively. The Conners Rating Scale (4,887 twins) and the DSM interview (1,006 twins) were completed at age 12. The magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on the variance of the three measures of ADHD and the covariance among the three measures of ADHD was obtained.

Results: Phenotypic correlations range between .45 and .77. Variances and covariances of the measurements were explained mainly by genetic influences. The model that provided the best account of the data included an independent pathway for additive and dominant genetic effects. The genetic correlations among the measures collected at age 12 varied between .63 and 1.00.

Conclusions: The genetic overlap between questionnaire ratings and the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD is high. Clinical and research implications of these findings are presented.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
A graphical representation of the unstandardized additive genetic (A) and dominant genetic (D) effects on five measurements of Attention Problems and ADHD. In this figure, a graphical representation of the best-fitting model and the estimated factor loadings is provided for one individual twin. Additive genetic effects correlate 1 in MZ twins and .5 in DZ twins. Dominant genetic effects correlate 1 in MZ twins and .25 in DZ twins. To identify the model, the variances of the five categorical measurements are constrained at 1. CBCL7 = Child Behavior Checklist at age 7; CBCL10 = Child Behavior Checklist at age 10; CBCL12 = Child Behavior Checklist at age 12; CPRS-R:S = Conners Parental Rating Scale-Revised:Short version at age 12; DSM = DISC-IV ADHD at a mean age of 12 years
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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