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Review
. 2007;10 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):1-269.
doi: 10.1080/10937400701597766.

Human health risk assessment for aluminium, aluminium oxide, and aluminium hydroxide

Daniel Krewski  1 , Robert A Yokel, Evert Nieboer, David Borchelt, Joshua Cohen, Jean Harry, Sam Kacew, Joan Lindsay, Amal M Mahfouz, Virginie Rondeau
Affiliations
Review

Human health risk assessment for aluminium, aluminium oxide, and aluminium hydroxide

Daniel Krewski et al. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2007.

Erratum in

  • J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2008 Feb;11(2):147
No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

No conflict of interest was declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of soluble, mononuclear aluminium ion species in aqueous solutions. Ordinate: mole fraction of aluminium ion occurring as each designated species. At any pH the individual mole fractions sum to unity. Reprinted with permission from Martin (1986). Copyright 1986 American Association for Clinical Chemistry.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mole fraction of Al(III) v.s. pH distribution curves (solids) for a solution containing 0.1 mM citrate, 3 mM Ca2+, and 1 pM total Al(III). The distribution is only very weakly dependent on the concentrations of the three components. The dashed line labelled pX refers to the scale on the right, where pX= -log(mole fraction of free Al3+). Thus we have, at pH 7.4, pX = 7.7. Since we also have pAl = pX - log [Al(III)], for 1 μM total Al(III), pAl = 7.4 + 6.0 = 13.7. Reprinted with permission from Martin (1994). Copyright 1994 American Chemical Society. Note that LH denotes the citrate tri-anion, with all three of its three carboxylate groups deprotonated; LH-1 denotes the tetra-anion of citrate, which involves a further loss of a proton from its lone alcohol functional group. Also pAl= -log (concentration of free Al3+) and Al(III) represents Al3+ in all of its forms.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mole fraction of total Al(II1) v.s. pF = -log [F-], where [F-] is the ambient fluoride molar concentration; for fluoride complexes of aluminium at two pH values, dashed curves for pH 4 and solid curves for pH 7.5. Symbols on curves designate number of fluoride (F) or hydroxy groups (h) bound to Al(III). Thus h4 represents Al(OH)4-, F4, AlF4-, and hF3, (HO)AlF3-. Reprinted with permission from Martin (1994). Copyright 1994 American Chemical Society.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Trends in aluminium production by country. Data from USGS (2004).
Figure 5
Figure 5. Estimates of aluminium consumption (by year)
a) Based on daily consumption reported for adults in the period 1965-2001: Biego et al. (1998); CFASD (1984); Delves et al. (1993); Ellen et al. (1990); FASEB (1975); Greger (1985); Greger & Baier (1983); Gramiccioni et al. (1996); Gorsky et al. (1979); Hamilton & Minski (1972/1973); Jorhem & Haegglund (1992); Knutti & Zimmerli (1985); Liu et al. (1992); Liu & Chung (1992); MAFF (1985; MAFF 1993); Matsuda et al. (2001); Müller et al (1997); Neelam et al. (2000); NFA (1993); Pennington (1988); Pennington & Jones (1989); Pennington & Schoen (1995); Santaroni (1990); Soliman & Zikovsky (1999); Teraoka et al. (1981); Tipton et al. (1966); Tripathi et al. (2002); Varo & Koivistoinen (1980); Ysart et al. (2000); Zook & Lehmann (1965).
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