Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2008 Feb;76(2):454-65.
doi: 10.1128/IAI.00939-07. Epub 2007 Dec 17.

Sensing gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides: a human disease determinant?

Robert S Munford  1
Affiliations
Review

Sensing gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides: a human disease determinant?

Robert S Munford. Infect Immun. 2008 Feb.
No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Structure of E. coli lipid A. The diglucosamine lipid A backbone has phosphates at positions 1 and 4′ and two molecules of 3-hydroxymyristate attached directly to each glucosamine. The hydroxyl groups of the hydroxymyristates at positions 2′ and 3′ are substituted by laurate (C12) and myristate (C14), respectively (shown as dashed lines in the drawing). Palmitate (C16) is sometimes found as a secondary acyl chain, and the primary (glucosamine-linked) acyl chains may have 12 carbons. This structure is sensed by the MD-2-TLR4 receptor. LPSs from different gram-negative bacteria may have more or fewer acyl chains, longer acyl chains, branched acyl chains, unsaturated acyl chains, only one phosphate, or other modifications. Each of these structures is less stimulatory to cells that express MD-2-TLR4 than is hexaacyl LPS. On the other hand, the two secondary (“piggyback”) chains can be attached to different 3-hydroxymyristate residues (for example, at 2 and 2′) without diminishing recognition by MD-2-TLR4.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Abreu, M. T., M. Fukata, and M. Arditi. 2005. TLR signaling in the gut in health and disease. J. Immunol. 1744453-4460. - PubMed
    1. Adamo, R., S. Sokol, G. Soong, M. I. Gomez, and A. Prince. 2004. Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagella activate airway epithelial cells through asialoGM1 and Toll-like receptor 2 as well as Toll-like receptor 5. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 30627-634. - PubMed
    1. Aisenberg, G., K. V. Rolston, B. F. Dickey, D. P. Kontoyiannis, I. I. Raad, and A. Safdar. 2007. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia in cancer patients without traditional risk factors for infection, 1997-2004. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2613-20. - PubMed
    1. Arditi, M., L. Ables, and R. Yogev. 1989. Cerebrospinal fluid endotoxin levels in children with H. influenzae meningitis before and after administration of intravenous ceftriaxone. J. Infect. Dis. 1601005-1011. - PubMed
    1. Backhed, F., and M. Hornef. 2003. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated signaling by epithelial surfaces: necessity or threat? Microb. Infect. 5951-959. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources