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Comparative Study
. 2008 Jan;51(1):93-8.
doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.09.012.

Frequency of swing-segment stenosis in referred dialysis patients with angiographically documented lesions

Olurotimi J Badero  1 , Moro O Salifu, Haimanot Wasse, Jack Work
Affiliations
Comparative Study

Frequency of swing-segment stenosis in referred dialysis patients with angiographically documented lesions

Olurotimi J Badero et al. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Jan.

Abstract

Background: The segment of the vein mobilized for arterial anastomosis in the creation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the swing segment. This segment may experience turbulent flow and altered shear mechanical stress that result in stenosis. We sought to determine the frequency of stenotic lesions in the swing segment.

Study design: Case series.

Settings & participants: From January 31, 2003, to June 30, 2005, records of all patients referred to an outpatient hemodialysis vascular access center for AVF dysfunction were reviewed (n = 484). Of these, 278 patients had angiographically documented stenosis (any degree of luminal narrowing) on their first visit.

Outcomes & measurements: Distribution of stenoses in different segments of the AVF. Swing-segment stenoses were classified as proximal (outflow into axillary vein system), distal or juxta-anastomotic (adjacent to the anastomosis), and the cephalic arch.

Results: Overall prevalence of angiographically documented swing segment stenosis (proximal, distal or juxta-anastomotic, and cephalic arch) was 45.7% (127 of 278 patients), whereas the remaining stenoses (151 of 278 patients) were distributed among the puncture zone, arterial, arterial anastomosis, and central veins. The most frequent location of the swing-segment stenosis was juxta-anatomosis (63%; 80 of 127 patients), followed by cephalic arch (19%; 24 of 127 patients) and proximal swing segment (18%; 23 of 127 patients). The distribution of swing-segment stenosis (n = 127) was equivalent among the various fistulas (brachial-cephalic, 35.4%; radial-cephalic, 33.9%; and brachial-basilic, 30.7%). Eighty-three percent of swing-segment stenoses were significant (>50% luminal narrowing) and underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, with a 93% success rate.

Limitations: Retrospective nature of the study and potential selection bias.

Conclusion: In our population, swing-segment stenosis is the most common lesion in dysfunctional AVFs; juxta-anastomotic stenosis is the predominant lesion independent of fistula type. Whether the occurrence of swing-segment stenosis is caused by mobilization of the vein during surgery is not clear.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Digital subtraction angiography of swing segments in arteriovenous fistulas: A. juxta-anastomotic stenosis (JAS), cephalic vein fistula (CVF), and brachial artery (BA); B. proximal swing-segment (PSS) stenosis, the adjacent basilic vein fistula (BVF), and axillary vein (AV); and C. the cephalic arch (CA), which joins the axillary vein (AV) to form the subclavian vein (SV).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of stenosis in the study population (n = 278). Percentage refers to stenosis. Stenosis in the swing segment accounted for 45.7% (n = 127); arterial anastomosis, 15.5% (n = 43); puncture zone, 31.2% (n = 87); central veins, 6.5% (n = 18); and arterial anastomosis, 1.1% (n = 3).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Distribution of stenoses among the types of swing segments (n = 127). Percentage refers to stenosis. Stenosis of the proximal swing segment accounted for 18% (n = 23); juxta-anastomotic segment, 63% (n = 80); and cephalic arch, 19% (n = 24).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Schematic diagram of arteriovenous fistula anatomy. A. Brachial or radial artery (BA/RA) cephalic fistula shows the arterial anastomosis (AA), distal swing segment or juxta-anastomotic segment (DSS/JAS), puncture zone (PZ), cephalic arch (CA), and axillary and subclavian veins (AS and SC). B. Brachial-basilic transposition fistula and proximal swing segment (PSS). Abbreviation: BV, basilic vein.
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