Establishing a nationwide emergency department-based syndromic surveillance system for better public health responses in Taiwan

Abstract

Background: With international concern over emerging infectious diseases (EID) and bioterrorist attacks, public health is being required to have early outbreak detection systems. A disease surveillance team was organized to establish a hospital emergency department-based syndromic surveillance system (ED-SSS) capable of automatically transmitting patient data electronically from the hospitals responsible for emergency care throughout the country to the Centers for Disease Control in Taiwan (Taiwan-CDC) starting March, 2004. This report describes the challenges and steps involved in developing ED-SSS and the timely information it provides to improve in public health decision-making.

Methods: Between June 2003 and March 2004, after comparing various surveillance systems used around the world and consulting with ED physicians, pediatricians and internal medicine physicians involved in infectious disease control, the Syndromic Surveillance Research Team in Taiwan worked with the Real-time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance (RODS) Laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh to create Taiwan's ED-SSS. The system was evaluated by analyzing daily electronic ED data received in real-time from the 189 hospitals participating in this system between April 1, 2004 and March 31, 2005.

Results: Taiwan's ED-SSS identified winter and summer spikes in two syndrome groups: influenza-like illnesses and respiratory syndrome illnesses, while total numbers of ED visits were significantly higher on weekends, national holidays and the days of Chinese lunar new year than weekdays (p < 0.001). It also identified increases in the upper, lower, and total gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome groups starting in November 2004 and two clear spikes in enterovirus-like infections coinciding with the two school semesters. Using ED-SSS for surveillance of influenza-like illnesses and enteroviruses-related infections has improved Taiwan's pandemic flu preparedness and disease control capabilities.

Conclusion: Taiwan's ED-SSS represents the first nationwide real-time syndromic surveillance system ever established in Asia. The experiences reported herein can encourage other countries to develop their own surveillance systems. The system can be adapted to other cultural and language environments for better global surveillance of infectious diseases and international collaboration.

Figure 1

The System Architecture of Nation-Wide Hospital Emergency Department-based Syndromic Surveillance System (ED-SSS) in Taiwan, Established in 2003.

Figure 2

Geographical Distributions of the Participated Hospitals in Nation-wide ED-based Syndromic Surveillance System and Coverage Rates of the 4 Regions in Taiwan.

Figure 3

Daily ED Counts in Nation-wide Hospital Emergency Department-based Syndromic Surveillance System in Taiwan, April 1, 2004 – March 31, 2005.

Figure 4

Daily Taiwan Nation-wide ED-SSS time series plots of total ED visits of the 11 syndrome groups plus asthma visits, Apr. 1, 2004 – Mar. 31, 2005.

Figure 5

Weekly Taiwan Nation-wide ED-SSS time series plots of total ED visits of the 11 syndrome groups plus asthma visits, Apr. 1, 2004 – Mar. 31, 2005.

Figure 6

Daily Taiwan Nation-wide ED-SSS time series plots of total ED visits of respiratory and ILI syndrome groups plus asthma visits, Apr. 1, 2004 – Mar. 31, 2005.