Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection in asymptomatic children in Senegal: relation to transmission, age and erythrocyte variants

Abstract

Background: Individuals living in malaria endemic areas generally harbour multiple parasite strains. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) can be an indicator of immune status. However, whether this is good or bad for the development of immunity to malaria, is still a matter of debate. This study aimed to examine the MOI in asymptomatic children between two and ten years of age and to relate it to erythrocyte variants, clinical attacks, transmission levels and other parasitological indexes.

Methods: Study took place in Niakhar area in Senegal, where malaria is mesoendemic and seasonal. Three hundred and seventy two asymptomatic children were included. Sickle-cell trait, G6PD deficiency (A- and Santamaria) and alpha+-thalassaemia (-alpha3.7 type) were determined using PCR. Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection, i.e. number of concurrent clones, was defined by PCR-based genotyping of the merozoite surface protein-2 (msp2), before and at the end of the malaria transmission season. The chi2-test, ANOVA, multivariate linear regression and logistic regression statistical tests were used for data analysis.

Results: MOI was significantly higher at the end of transmission season. The majority of PCR positive subjects had multiple infections at both time points (64% before and 87% after the transmission season). MOI did not increase in alpha-thalassaemic and G6PD mutated children. The ABO system and HbAS did not affect MOI at any time points. No association between MOI and clinical attack was observed. MOI did not vary over age at any time points. There was a significant correlation between MOI and parasite density, as the higher parasite counts increases the probability of having multiple infections.

Conclusion: Taken together our data revealed that alpha-thalassaemia may have a role in protection against certain parasite strains. The protection against the increase in MOI after the transmission season conferred by G6PD deficiency is probably due to clearance of the malaria parasite at early stages of infection. The ABO system and HbAS are involved in the severity of the disease but do not affect asymptomatic infections. MOI was not age-dependent, in the range of two to ten years, but was correlated with parasite density. However some of these observations need to be confirmed including larger sample size with broader age range and using other msp2 genotyping method.

Figure 1

Parasite prevalence (A) and densities (B) amongst girls carrying G6PD A- or G6PD A-/HbAS variants. Parasite prevalence was defined as the percentage (CI 95%) of infected subjects detected by PCR. Parasite densities were compared as median (25th–75th percentiles) excluding zero values.

Figure 2

Parasite prevalence (A) and densities (B) amongst boys carrying G6PD A- or G6PD A-/HbAS variants. Parasite prevalence was defined as the percentage (CI 95%) of infected subjects detected by PCR. Parasite densities were compared as median (25th–75th percentiles) excluding zero values.