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. 2008 Jan 23;2008(1):CD003653.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003653.pub3.

Pharmacological interventions for hypertensive emergencies

M I Perez  1 , V M Musini
Affiliations

Pharmacological interventions for hypertensive emergencies

M I Perez et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Hypertensive emergencies, marked hypertension associated with acute end-organ damage, are life-threatening conditions. Many anti-hypertensive drugs have been used in these clinical settings. The benefits and harms of such treatment and the best first-line treatment are not known.

Objectives: To answer the following two questions using randomized controlled trials (RCTs): 1) does anti-hypertensive drug therapy as compared to placebo or no treatment affect mortality and morbidity in patients presenting with a hypertensive emergency? 2) Does one first-line antihypertensive drug class as compared to another antihypertensive drug class affect mortality and morbidity in these patients?

Search strategy: Electronic sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane clinical trial register. In addition, we searched for references in review articles and trials. We attempted to contact trialists. Most recent search August 2007.

Selection criteria: All unconfounded, truly randomized trials that compare an antihypertensive drug versus placebo, no treatment, or another antihypertensive drug from a different class in patients presenting with a hypertensive emergency.

Data collection and analysis: Quality of concealment allocation was scored. Data on randomized patients, total serious adverse events, all-cause mortality, non-fatal cardiovascular events, withdrawals due to adverse events, length of follow-up, blood pressure and heart rate were extracted independently and cross checked.

Main results: Fifteen randomized controlled trials (representing 869 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Two trials included a placebo arm. All studies (except one) were open-label trials. Seven drug classes were evaluated in those trials: nitrates (9 trials), ACE-inhibitors (7), diuretics (3), calcium channel blockers (6), alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists (4), direct vasodilators (2) and dopamine agonists (1). Mortality event data were reported in 7 trials. No meta-analysis was performed for clinical outcomes, due to insufficient data. The pooled effect of 3 different anti-hypertensive drugs in one placebo-controlled trial showed a statistically significant greater reduction in both systolic [WMD -13, 95%CI -19,-7] and diastolic [WMD -8, 95%CI, -12,-3] blood pressure with antihypertensive therapy.

Authors' conclusions: There is no RCT evidence demonstrating that anti-hypertensive drugs reduce mortality or morbidity in patients with hypertensive emergencies. Furthermore, there is insufficient RCT evidence to determine which drug or drug class is most effective in reducing mortality and morbidity. There were some minor differences in the degree of blood pressure lowering when one class of antihypertensive drug is compared to another. However, the clinical significance is unknown. RCTs are needed to assess different drug classes to determine initial and longer term mortality and morbidity outcomes.

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Conflict of interest statement

None.

Figures

1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antihypertensive vs. Control, Outcome 4 Acute Myocardial Infarction.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antihypertensive vs. Control, Outcome 5 Respiratory insufficiency requiring mechanical ventilation.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antihypertensive vs. Control, Outcome 7 Mean change in systolic blood pressure during treatment.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antihypertensive vs. Control, Outcome 8 Mean change in diastolic blood pressure during treatment.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Nitrates vs diuretics, Outcome 4 Acute Myocardial Infarction.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Nitrates vs diuretics, Outcome 7 Mean change in systolic blood pressure during treatment.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Nitrates vs diuretics, Outcome 8 Mean change in diastolic blood pressure during treatment.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Nitrates vs diuretics, Outcome 9 Mean change in heart rate during treatment.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Nitrates vs Alpha‐1 Antagonist, Outcome 2 All cause mortality.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Nitrates vs Alpha‐1 Antagonist, Outcome 4 Acute Myocardial Infarction.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Nitrates vs Alpha‐1 Antagonist, Outcome 5 Respiratory insufficiency requiring mechanical ventilation.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Nitrates vs Alpha‐1 Antagonist, Outcome 6 Withdrawals due to adverse events.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Nitrates vs Alpha‐1 Antagonist, Outcome 7 Mean change in systolic blood pressure during treatment.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Nitrates vs Alpha‐1 Antagonist, Outcome 8 Mean change in diastolic blood pressure during treatment.
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 Nitrates vs Alpha‐1 Antagonist, Outcome 9 Mean change in heart rate during treatment.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Nitrates vs Dopamine agonist, Outcome 6 Mean change in systolic blood pressure during treatment.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 Nitrates vs Dopamine agonist, Outcome 7 Mean change in diastolic blood pressure during treatment.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 Nitrates vs Dopamine agonist, Outcome 8 Mean change in heart rate during treatment.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nitrates vs ACE inhibitors, Outcome 2 All‐cause mortality.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nitrates vs ACE inhibitors, Outcome 5 Respiratory insufficiency requiring mechanical ventilation.
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nitrates vs ACE inhibitors, Outcome 7 Mean change in systolic blood pressure during treatment.
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nitrates vs ACE inhibitors, Outcome 8 Mean change in diastolic blood pressure during treatment.
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nitrates vs ACE inhibitors, Outcome 9 Mean change in heart rate during treatment.
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6 Nitrates vs. CCB, Outcome 6 Mean change in systolic blood pressure during treatment.
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6 Nitrates vs. CCB, Outcome 7 Mean change in diastolic blood pressure during treatment.
6.8
6.8. Analysis
Comparison 6 Nitrates vs. CCB, Outcome 8 Mean change in heart rate during treatment.
7.7
7.7. Analysis
Comparison 7 Nitrates vs Direct Vasodilator, Outcome 7 Mean change in systolic blood pressure during treatment.
7.8
7.8. Analysis
Comparison 7 Nitrates vs Direct Vasodilator, Outcome 8 Mean change in diastolic blood pressure during treatment.
7.9
7.9. Analysis
Comparison 7 Nitrates vs Direct Vasodilator, Outcome 9 Mean change in heart rate during treatment.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 ACE‐I vs CCB, Outcome 4 Acute Myocardial Infarction.
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8 ACE‐I vs CCB, Outcome 6 Mean change in systolic blood pressure during treatment.
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8 ACE‐I vs CCB, Outcome 7 Mean change in diastolic blood pressure during treatment.
8.8
8.8. Analysis
Comparison 8 ACE‐I vs CCB, Outcome 8 Mean change in heart rate during treatment.
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9 ACE‐I vs Alfa1‐Antagonist, Outcome 6 Mean change in systolic blood pressure during treatment.
9.7
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9 ACE‐I vs Alfa1‐Antagonist, Outcome 7 Mean change in diastolic blood pressure during treatment.
9.8
9.8. Analysis
Comparison 9 ACE‐I vs Alfa1‐Antagonist, Outcome 8 Mean change in heart rate during treatment.
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10 Diazoxide vs Hydralazine, Outcome 4 Acute Myocardial Infarction.
10.6
10.6. Analysis
Comparison 10 Diazoxide vs Hydralazine, Outcome 6 Mean change in systolic blood pressure during treatment.
10.7
10.7. Analysis
Comparison 10 Diazoxide vs Hydralazine, Outcome 7 Mean change in diastolic blood pressure during treatment.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003653.pub2

References

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References to other published versions of this review

Perez 2008
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