Etiological analysis of initial colonization of periodontal pathogens in oral cavity

Abstract

It is unclear when the initial colonization by periodontal pathogens occurs in the oral cavity. Therefore, we report here the association between specific age groups and the time when the initial colonization by periodontal pathogens occurs in the oral cavity in such groups. Findings are based on an epidemiological analysis of the prevalence of five periodontal pathogens in the oral cavities of a wide range of age populations, from newborn to elderly, who were randomly selected in a geographic region of Brazil. These periodontal pathogens include Campylobacter rectus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella forsythia and were analyzed in the bacterial samples isolated from gingival sulcus, the dorsum of the tongue, and cheek mucosa of diverse age groups, using a bacterial DNA-specific PCR method. Results indicated that there are distinct age-related groups where initial colonization by the five periodontal pathogens examined in this study can be detected and that the presence of teeth is a permissive factor for colonization by P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, and T. forsythia. Although it remains unclear exactly how or when target pathogens colonize healthy subjects, an understanding of age-related groups does provide a potentially useful tool in the early detection and prevention of periodontitis in healthy individuals.

FIG. 1.

Prevalence of periodontal pathogens in gingival sulcus, tongue, and cheek mucosa of different subject groups classified on the basis of their periodontal disease status. The subject groups B to F shown in Table 1 (aged >2.5 years, a total of 222 subjects who have teeth) were employed in this analysis. The presence of DNA specific to C. rectus (A), P. gingivalis (B), A. actinomycetemcomitans (C), P. intermedia (D), and T. forsythia (E) in the samples isolated from subgingival sulcus, the dorsum of the tongue, and cheek mucosa of each subject was determined by PCR, following the method described in Materials and Methods.

FIG. 2.

Prevalence of periodontal pathogens in gingival sulcus, tongue, and cheek mucosa of different subject groups classified on the basis of their age and presence of teeth. The subject groups A to G shown in Table 1 (aged >0 months, a total of 330 subjects with or without teeth) were employed in this analysis. The presence of DNA specific to C. rectus (A), P. gingivalis (B), A. actinomycetemcomitans (C), P. intermedia (D), and T. forsythia (E) in the samples isolated from subgingival sulcus, the dorsum of the tongue, and cheek mucosa of each subject was determined by PCR, following the method described in Materials and Methods. ND, not determined.