Characteristics and mechanism of neuromuscular block in myasthenia gravis

Abstract

The neuromuscular block of myasthenia gravis has the characteristics of an antidepolarizing (competitive block), similar to that produced by d-tubocurarine in normal subjects: progressive decrease in muscle action potentials evoked by two or more nerve stimuli, posttetanic facilitation, posttetanic fatigue, inhibition of the depolarizing action of acetylcholine (ACh) or anticholinesterase compounds, and reversal of the block by ACh or anticholinesterase compounds. In myasthenic patients spontaneously recurring negative discharges were more difficult to locate in the end-plate zone than in normal subjects, suggesting that the number or density of functioning end plates may be reduced. The threshold dose of intra-arterial ACh that increased electrical activity was higher than in normal subjects; the duration of the increased electrical activity was briefer, and was followed by more depression of negative discharges than in normal subjects and by a greater increase in the threshold dose of ACh. These results indicate that the end-plate zone of myasthenic patients is less responsive than that of normal subjects to the excitatory action of ACh, and may be more readily desensitized by ACh. In both myasthenic patients and normal subjects the intra-arterial injection of ACh produced a prompt transient decrease in evoked potentials, attributable to depolarization of the end plates, followed by recovery (and in myasthenic patients by repair), and then by a more prolonged late decrease in evoked potentials, attributable to desensitization of the end plates to transmitter. This prompt depressant effect of ACh on evoked potentials was less in myasthenic patients than in normal subjects, and the late depressant effect of ACh was greater. In myasthenic patients the late block produced by ACh had the characteristics of an antidepolarizing (competitive) type of block, including inhibition of the depolarizing action of ACh and reversibility by ACh or neostigmine, while in normal subjects the characteristics were those of a depolarizing (noncompetitive) type of block, including little or no inhibition of the depolarizing action of ACh and lack of reversal by ACh or neostigmine. The differences between the late depressant action of ACh in myasthenic patients and normal subjects resembled differences in the effect of other depolarizing compounds, such as choline, succinylcholine, and decamethonium, and are best explained by differences in behavior of the postsynaptic receptor. The disease appears to be due to the presence of abnormal forms of receptor or to abnormal responses of receptor to the transmitter. The predominance of one or other form of receptor may determine the clinical state of the myasthenic patient and his response to anticholinesterase medication.