Comparison of Serology and Reactogenicity between Influenza Subunit Vaccines and Whole Virus or Split Vaccines: A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature

Abstract

Currently three different inactivated influenza vaccine types are available: whole virus (WV), split (SPL) and subunit (SU) vaccines. Physicians and patients at risk for influenza complications may wonder whether there are important differences between the vaccine types with respect to antibody induction (serology) and adverse effects (reactogenicity). A literature review (1975 to 1995) was performed to evaluate the serology and reactogenicity of SU vaccines in comparison with either split or whole virus vaccines. 22 publications with randomised allocation were identified describing a total of 5416 serological observations, 2858 observations of local reactions, and 2990 observations of systemic reactions. Subjects included those from all age groups from children to the elderly. Absolute protection and reaction rate differences (RD) were calculated for the comparisons SU vs SPL or SU vs WV vaccine. These were subjected to a method of meta-analysis, resulting in pooled rate differences and their 95% confidence intervals. With the exception of the comparison SU vs WV vaccine in subjects born after 1957 and unexposed to the reappearing H1N1 subtype after 1977, no evidence was found to suggest relevant differences in seroresponse among the three currently available inactivated influenza vaccine types. Although insufficient data were available in the meta-analysis for vaccines in children for whom specific recommendations concerning these vaccines exist, adverse events after administration of any of the three vaccine types were generally mild and transitory; however, SU vaccines were associated with a lower frequency of local and systemic reactions.