[New approach in the research of analgesics and antihypertensive agents]

Abstract

The activation or interruption of the responses induced by regulatory peptides are ensured by ectoenzymes, the most important of them belonging to the group of zinc metallopeptidases. Thus angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) forms the hypertensive peptide angiotensin II from its inactive precursor AI. This also the case for aminopeptidase N (APN) and neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP, CALLA) which together inactivate the endogenous opioid peptides, enkephalins, whereas only NEP is involved in the metabolism of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANP) at the kidney and vascular levels. The pharmacological effects resulting from the inhibition of these enzymatic processes will appear only in tissues where the peptide substrate is tonically or phasically released. This promising approach is expected to avoid, or at least to minimize, the side effects resulting from excessive and ubiquitous stimulation of peptide receptors by exogenously administered agonists or antagonists. The essential amino acids known to be present in the active site of the bacterial endopeptidase thermolysin from crystallographic studies, have also been found in NEP by using a new program of sequence comparison associated with mutagenesis experiments. Several classes of selective inhibitors of NEP, APN and ACE have been rationally designed by taking into account the structural differences in the active site of these peptidases. Thus, the retro-inversion of the amide bond of the NEP inhibitor thiorphan resulted in the elimination of a residual interaction with ACE. Moreover, we have proposed to associate inhibitory potencies towards two peptidases in the same compound. Thus kelatorphan HONH-CO-CH2-CH(CH2 phi)-CONH-CH(CH3)-COOH and other systemically-active mixed NEP/APN inhibitors were shown capable of completely blocking enkephalin metabolism in vivo. This concept has been extended to mixed NEP/ACE inhibitors with compounds such as HS-CH2-CH(CH2 phi)-CONH-CH(CH2R)-COOH where R = CH-(CH3)2 (ES 34) or -OCH2 phi (ES 37). Only mixed inhibitors of NEP and APN are able to produce potent analgesia after intracerebroventricular or systemic administration without the major side effects of morphine (tolerance and dependence). Thiorphan or its prodrugs acetorphan or sinorphan lead to a increase in natriuresis and diuresis by protection of ANP degradation, but without any significant antihypertensive effect. Contrastingly mixed NEP/ACE inhibitors such as ES34 induce decreases in blood pressure higher than those that produced by the association of selective NEP and ACE inhibitors.