Gunshot wounds to the spine: literature review and report on a migratory intrathecal bullet

Abstract

Treatment of the complex injury to the spine produced by a gunshot wound remains controversial. Treatment depends on the physician's ability to understand mechanism of injury, principles of medical management, diagnostic imaging, and surgical options. Antibiotics are an important component of treatment and should be continued for a minimum of 7 days in cases of wounds that both perforate the colon and injure the spine. Corticosteroids do not affect neurologic outcome and therefore should not be used. Decompression and removal of intracanal bullets at T12 and below may improve motor function. In select cases of cervical injuries, removal of intracanal bullet fragments may be justified, particularly with incomplete lesions. Regardless of injury level, new-onset or progressive neurologic deterioration is an indication for urgent decompression. Optimal surgical timing remains a controversial issue, and more study is needed to develop treatment guidelines. Intrathecal migratory missiles represent a very rare subset of the gunshot wounds to the spine, and their treatment should be individualized. In this article, we review the literature and then describe the case of a migratory intrathecal bullet in the lumbar spine of a patient who presented with cauda equina-type symptoms.