[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: risk factors, protective factors, health supply, quality of life. A brief review]

Abstract

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic behavioural disorder diagnosed in 4.8 % of German children and adolescents. Although many studies indicate primarily a neurobiological etiology, the disorder cannot be diagnosed on the basis of specific markers. The principal aspect of diagnosis is the experienced clinician who must also take the differentiation of other behavioural disorders into account. In addition to inheritance, other known risk factors are nicotine exposition in pregnancy, adverse psychosocial conditions and birth complications. Protective factors are cognitive abilities, positive social contacts, and early treatment. The necessary structures in community support are developing; however, substantial enhancement is needed. Studies on quality of life indicate that ADHD should not be reduced to core symptoms since affected children are impaired in almost all areas of daily life.