Filter performance of n99 and n95 facepiece respirators against viruses and ultrafine particles

Abstract

The performance of three filtering facepiece respirators (two models of N99 and one N95) challenged with an inert aerosol (NaCl) and three virus aerosols (enterobacteriophages MS2 and T4 and Bacillus subtilis phage)-all with significant ultrafine components-was examined using a manikin-based protocol with respirators sealed on manikins. Three inhalation flow rates, 30, 85, and 150 l min(-1), were tested. The filter penetration and the quality factor were determined. Between-respirator and within-respirator comparisons of penetration values were performed. At the most penetrating particle size (MPPS), >3% of MS2 virions penetrated through filters of both N99 models at an inhalation flow rate of 85 l min(-1). Inhalation airflow had a significant effect upon particle penetration through the tested respirator filters. The filter quality factor was found suitable for making relative performance comparisons. The MPPS for challenge aerosols was <0.1 mum in electrical mobility diameter for all tested respirators. Mean particle penetration (by count) was significantly increased when the size fraction of <0.1 mum was included as compared to particles >0.1 mum. The filtration performance of the N95 respirator approached that of the two models of N99 over the range of particle sizes tested ( approximately 0.02 to 0.5 mum). Filter penetration of the tested biological aerosols did not exceed that of inert NaCl aerosol. The results suggest that inert NaCl aerosols may generally be appropriate for modeling filter penetration of similarly sized virions.

Fig. 1.

Filter penetration test system. Diagram adapted from Balazy et al. (2006a,.

Fig. 2.

Shape and dimensions of the bacteriophages used in this study.

Fig. 3.

Aerosol penetration and filter quality factor of three respirators as a function of the particle size and inhalation flow rate for NaCl challenge aerosol.

Fig. 4.

Aerosol penetration through three respirators as a function of the particle size and inhalation flow rate for MS2 bacteriophage challenge aerosol.

Fig. 5.

Aerosol penetration through N95 respirator as a function of the particle size and inhalation flow rate for two challenge viruses: Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage (left) and T4 bacteriophage (right).

Fig. 6.

Between-respirator comparison: mean penetration of NaCl [integrated for the size range of 0.02–0.5 μm (a) and 0.1–0.5 μm (b)] at 85 l min⁻¹.

Fig. 7.

Between-respirator comparison: mean penetration of MS2 (integrated for the size range of 0.02–0.09 μm) at 85 l min⁻¹.

Fig. 8.

Within-respirator comparison: mean penetration of NaCl and MS2 (integrated for the size range of 0.02–0.09 μm) at 85 l min⁻¹.

Fig. 9.

Within-respirator comparison for N95 at 85 l min⁻¹: mean penetration of NaCl compared to Bacillus subtilis phage and T4 phage at 0.1 μm.