Local infiltration analgesia: a technique for the control of acute postoperative pain following knee and hip surgery: a case study of 325 patients

Abstract

Background: We have developed a multimodal technique for the control of pain following knee and hip surgery, called "local infiltration analgesia" (LIA). It is based on systematic infiltration of a mixture of ropiva-caine, ketorolac, and adrenaline into the tissues around the surgical field to achieve satisfactory pain control with little physiological disturbance. The technique allows virtually immediate mobilization and earlier discharge from hospital.

Patients and methods: In this open, nonrandomized case series, we used LIA to manage postoperative pain in all 325 patients presenting to our service from Jan 1, 2005 to Dec 31,2006 for elective hip resurfacing (HRA), primary total hip replacement (THR), or primary total knee replacement arthroplasty (TKR). We recorded pain scores, mobilization times, and morphine usage for the entire group.

Results: Pain control was generally satisfactory (numerical rating scale pain score range 0-3). No morphine was required for postoperative pain control in two-thirds of the patients. Most patients were able to walk with assistance between 5 and 6 h after surgery and independent mobility was achieved 13-22 h after surgery. Orthostatic hypotension, nausea, and vomiting were occasionally associated with standing for the first time, but other side effects were unremarkable. 230 (71%) of the 325 patients were discharged directly home after a single overnight stay in hospital.

Interpretation: Local infiltration analgesia is simple, practical, safe, and effective for pain management after knee and hip surgery.