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. 2007:59:89-106.
doi: 10.3114/sim.2007.59.11.

Taxonomic revision of Aspergillus section Clavati based on molecular, morphological and physiological data

J Varga  1 , M Due, J C Frisvad, R A Samson
Affiliations

Taxonomic revision of Aspergillus section Clavati based on molecular, morphological and physiological data

J Varga et al. Stud Mycol. 2007.

Abstract

Aspergillus section Clavati has been revised using morphology, secondary metabolites, physiological characters and DNA sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of beta-tubulin, ITS and calmodulin sequence data indicated that Aspergillus section Clavati includes 6 species, A. clavatus (synonyms: A. apicalis, A. pallidus), A. giganteus, A. rhizopodus, A. longivesica, Neocarpenteles acanthosporus and A. clavatonanicus. Neocarpenteles acanthosporus is the only known teleomorph of this section. The sister genera to Neocarpenteles are Neosartorya and Dichotomomyces based on sequence data. Species in Neosartorya and Neocarpenteles have anamorphs with green conidia and share the production of tryptoquivalins, while Dichotomomyces was found to be able to produce gliotoxin, which is also produced by some Neosartorya species, and tryptoquivalines and tryptoquivalones produced by members of both section Clavati and Fumigati. All species in section Clavati are alkalitolerant and acidotolerant and they all have clavate conidial heads. Many species are coprophilic and produce the effective antibiotic patulin. Members of section Clavati also produce antafumicin, tryptoquivalines, cytochalasins, sarcins, dehydrocarolic acid and kotanins (orlandin, desmethylkotanin and kotanin) in species specific combinations. Another species previously assigned to section Clavati, A. ingratus is considered a synonym of Hemicarpenteles paradoxus, which is phylogenetically very distantly related to Neocarpenteles and section Clavati.

Keywords: Ascomycetes; Aspergillus section Clavati; Dichotomomyces; Eurotiales; Hemicarpenteles; ITS; Neocarpenteles; calmodulin; mycotoxin; patulin; polyphasic taxonomy; β-tubulin.

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Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Neighbour-joining tree based on β-tubulin sequence data of Aspergillus section Clavati. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values. Only values above 70 % are indicated.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Neighbour-joining tree based on ITS sequence data of Aspergillus section Clavati. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values. Only values above 70 % are indicated.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
Neighbour-joining tree based on β-tubulin sequence data of Neosartorya, Neocarpenteles, Dichotomomyces species and their asexual relatives. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values. Only values above 70 % are indicated.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.
Neighbour-joining tree based on ITS sequence data of Neosartorya, Neocarpenteles, Dichotomomyces species and their asexual relatives. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values. Only values above 70 % are indicated.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.
Aspergillus clavatonanicus. A-B. Colonies after 7 d at 25 °C. A. CYA. B. MEA. C-J. Conidiophores. K. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.
Aspergillus clavatus. A. Colonies after 7 d at 25 °C on CYA. B-C. Macrophotograph of conidiophores. D-I. Conidiophores. J. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm, except D and E = 30 μm.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7.
Aspergillus giganteus. A. Colonies after 7 d at 25 °C on CYA. B-C. Macrophotograph of conidiophores. D-I. Conidiophores. J. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm, except D and E = 30 μm.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 8.
Aspergillus longivesica. A. Colonies after 10 d at 25 °C on CYA. B-C. Macrophotograph of conidiophores. D-I. Conidiophores. J. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm, except D and E = 30 μm.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 9.
Aspergillus rhizopodus. A. Colonies after 10 d at 25 °C on CYA. B. Macrophotograph of conidiophores. C-I. Conidiophores. J. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm, except D and E = 30 μm.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 10.
Dichotomomyces cejpii. A-B. Ascomata on MEA after 10 d at 25 °C. C. Ascomata wall. D-E. Asci and ascospores. F-I conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm, except B and C = 30 μm.
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