Accurate characterization of extravascular lung water in acute respiratory distress syndrome

Abstract

Objectives: Measurements of extravascular lung water (EVLW) correlate to the degree of pulmonary edema and have substantial prognostic information in critically ill patients. Prior studies using single indicator thermodilution have reported that 21% to 35% of patients with clinical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have normal EVLW (<10 mL/kg). Given that lung size is independent of actual body weight, we sought to determine whether indexing EVLW to predicted or adjusted body weight affects the frequency of increased EVLW in patients with ARDS.

Design: Prospective, observational cohort study.

Setting: Medical and surgical intensive care units at two academic hospitals.

Patients: Thirty patients within 72 hrs of meeting American-European Consensus Conference definition of ARDS and 14 severe sepsis patients without ARDS.

Interventions: None.

Measurement and main results: EVLW was measured for 7 days by PiCCO transpulmonary thermodilution; 225 measurements of EVLW indexed to actual body weight (ActBW) were compared with EVLW indexed to predicted body weight (PBW) and adjusted body weight (AdjBW). Mean EVLW indexed to ActBW was 12.7 mg/kg for ARDS patients and 7.8 mg/kg for non-ARDS sepsis patients (p < .0001). In all patients, EVLW increased an average of 1.1 +/- 2.1 mL/kg when indexed to AdjBW and 2.0 +/- 4.1 mL/kg when indexed to PBW. Indexing EVLW to PBW or AdjBW increased the proportion of ARDS patients with elevated EVLW (each p < .05) without increasing the frequency of elevated EVLW in non-ARDS patients. EVLW indexed to PBW had a stronger correlation to Lung Injury Score (r2 = .39 vs. r2 = .17) and PaO2/FiO2 ratio (r2 = .25 vs. r2 = .10) than did EVLW indexed to ActBW.

Conclusions: Indexing EVLW to PBW or AdjBW reduces the number of ARDS patients with normal EVLW and correlates better to Lung Injury Score and oxygenation than using ActBW. Studies are needed to confirm the presumed superiority of this method for diagnosing ARDS and to determine the clinical treatment implications.

Figure 1

Extravascular lung water (EVLW) in patients with ARDS and non-ARDS sepsis. EVLW is conventionally indexed to actual body weight (ActBW). Mean (represented as ♦ in figure) and median EVLW increased most when indexing EVLW to predicted body weight (PBW) followed by adjusted body weight (AdjBW). Normal EVLW is ≤ 10mL/kg.

Figure 2

Scatter plots demonstrating the relationship between oxygenation (PaO₂/FiO₂) or lung injury score (LIS) and extravascular lung water (EVLW) indexed to (a) actual body weight (ActBW) and (b) predicted body weight (PBW) in patient with ARDS (R² by linear regression, all p<0.0001). There was a statistically greater correlation between EVLW indexed to PBW than EVLW indexed to ActBW for both oxygenation and LIS (p<0.0001).