The 2007 ESPEN Sir David Cuthbertson Lecture: amino acids between and within organs. The glutamate-glutamine-citrulline-arginine pathway

Abstract

In daily practice, the plasma concentration of amino acids is usually viewed as a parameter of production. However, both a high production and/or a reduced disposal capacity can result in an increased plasma concentration. In this presentation, I will discuss my research on interorgan relationships of the amino acids glutamate, glutamine, citrulline and arginine to explain the regulation of the plasma arginine level. The reduced glutamine disposal during liver failure is related to enhanced plasma glutamine level without any change in muscle and gut production or consumption rate. In contrast during sepsis, a small reduction in plasma glutamine is related to a substantially enhanced organ glutamate and glutamine production or consumption rate. These observations are a good example that plasma levels are directly related to production or consumption rates. Because glutamine breakdown in the gut produces citrulline, there is a good relation between the amount of metabolically active gut tissue and gut and whole body citrulline production. Arginine is produces from citrulline in the kidney and a reduced gut glutamine to citrulline conversion during sepsis explains the reduced de novo arginine production that is related to the reduced plasma arginine level. The interorgan route between muscle, gut, liver and kidney of the amino acids glutamate, glutamine, citrulline and arginine is a very good example of how complicated the regulation of plasma amino acid levels can be. However, in-depth research is necessary and will give us important clues to new nutritional strategies.