Type 1 diabetes: increased height and weight gains in early childhood

Abstract

Objective: The accelerator/beta-cell stress hypothesis regards insulin resistance as one common basis for type 1 and type 2 diabetes and weight increase as an important trigger of type 1 diabetes. To test this hypothesis, we examined children's height and weight gain from birth to the time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.

Method: Growth charts (n = 316) from children 0-16 yr old up to the time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes were compared with growth charts from age- and sex-matched controls.

Results: Compared with their controls, children who developed diabetes had experienced more pronounced gain in both weight and height. In the year of diagnosis, they were taller [0.5 vs. 0.36 standard deviation score (SDS), p < 0.03] and heavier (0.7 vs. 0.45 SDS, p < 0.01). Children who developed diabetes aged 5 yr or less gained more weight during the period between their third month and third year of life (p < 0.01). Children who were diagnosed between 6 and 10 yr of age had gained more in height before they were 5 yr old (p < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that a high weight or a high body mass index (BMI) at 5 yr of age indicated, more than the other measurements, a high risk for diabetes later during childhood, while height and weight at ages less than 5 yr did not add any further information on diabetes risk.

Conclusions: Rapid growth before 7 yr of age and increased BMI in childhood are risk factors for later type 1 diabetes. These findings support the accelerator/beta-cell stress hypothesis.