A clinical decision aid for triage of children younger than 5 years and with organophosphate or carbamate insecticide exposure in developing countries

Abstract

Study objective: Unintentional pediatric exposure to insecticides is common in developing countries. A clinical decision aid could guide early triage decisionmaking.

Methods: Study design was prospective observational data collection in a specialty poisoning hospital in Cairo, Egypt. Patients were children 2 months to 59 months of age, without pretreatment, presenting within 2 hours of an exposure to an organophosphate or carbamate insecticide. A resource-requiring course was defined as any occurrence of hypoxia, use of atropine or obidoxime, use of ICU care, or death. The goal of analysis was derivation of a clinical decision aid to predict a resource-requiring course with 100% sensitivity.

Results: During the 21-month study, 197 children 2 months to 59 months of age exposed to an organophosphate or carbamate insecticide were treated at the center. One hundred two of these children met the study inclusion criteria: 95 had parental consent and completed the study observation period of which 65 used resources (4 died). All patients who ultimately met resource-requiring criteria initially did so at arrival. Pinpoint pupil alone identified 63 of 65 of these patients yet wrongly identified only 5 of 30 minimally ill patients. Pinpoint pupil or diarrhea identified 65 of 65 patients with a resource-requiring course while identifying 7 of 30 patients with a non-resource-requiring course (sensitivity 1.00; 95% confidence interval 0.95 to 1.00; specificity 0.77; 95% confidence interval 0.58 to 0.90).

Conclusion: Using 2 features, pinpoint pupils and diarrhea, we identified at presentation all patients who ultimately had a course using medications or advanced resources. According to this preliminary study, symptoms occur rapidly, so using an early triage aid may be feasible. A validation study is necessary.