Expression and processing of mouse proopiomelanocortin in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. A model system to study tissue-specific prohormone processing

Abstract

Many neuroendocrine precursor proteins, such as proopiomelanocortin (POMC), are cleaved in a tissue specific manner at distinct pairs of basic amino acids. Elucidating the specificity of the prohormone endoprotease(s) is essential to understanding cleavage specificity. However, isolation of these enzymes has been difficult, due to the inability to distinguish authentic maturation enzyme from the many other trypsin-like activities present in tissue homogenates. Recently, a "signature" of the insulin cell endoprotease(s) was defined in vivo by assessing the processing of a series of mutant cleavage sites in a model prohormone, mouse POMC (mPOMC) (Thorne, B. A., and Thomas, G. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 8436-8443. To investigate mechanisms of tissue-specific processing, we sought to identify the endoprotease signature of a cell having a processing phenotype distinct from insulinoma cells. In this report, the cleavage site specificity of the endoprotease(s) expressed in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells is examined. High levels of mPOMC (1.6 pmol/10(6) cells) were expressed in these cells using a vaccinia virus vector, and the precursor was targeted to the regulated secretory pathway. Analysis of POMC-derived peptides revealed that chromaffin cells processed the prohormone to a set of peptides highly similar to anterior pituitary corticotrophs, including adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and beta-lipotropin, gamma-lipotropin, and beta-endorphin. This processing contrasted with the pattern of cleavage site utilization in Rin m5F insulinoma cells, which more closely resembled that of the intermediate pituitary melanotrophs. However, the processing preference for the sequences of pairs of basic amino acids (as tested using the entire series of mutant cleavage sites; -LysArg- (native), -ArgArg-, -ArgLys-, -LysLys-, -HisArg-, -MetArg- at the ACTH/beta-lipotropin junction and -LysLys- (native), -LysArg-, -ArgArg-, -ArgLys- in beta-endorphin) was the same in both insulinoma and adrenal chromaffin cells, suggesting recognition and cleavage by similar enzymes in both cell types. The cell-specific processing of mPOMC may thus result from expression of a common core set of processing enzymes and factors unique to each cell type affecting the enzyme accessibility to precursor cleavage sites.