Niosome-encapsulated gentamicin for ophthalmic controlled delivery

Abstract

The objective of the present research was to investigate the feasibility of using non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) as carriers for the ophthalmic controlled delivery of a water soluble local antibiotic; gentamicin sulphate. Niosomal formulations were prepared using various surfactants (Tween 60, Tween 80 or Brij 35), in the presence of cholesterol and a negative charge inducer dicetyl phosphate (DCP) in different molar ratios and by employing a thin film hydration technique. The ability of these vesicles to entrap the studied drug was evaluated by determining the entrapment efficiency %EE after centrifugation and separation of the formed vesicles. Photomicroscopy and transmission electron microscopy as well as particle size analysis were used to study the formation, morphology and size of the drug loaded niosomes. Results showed a substantial change in the release rate and an alteration in the %EE of gentamicin sulphate from niosomal formulations upon varying type of surfactant, cholesterol content and presence or absence of DCP. In-vitro drug release results confirmed that niosomal formulations have exhibited a high retention of gentamicin sulphate inside the vesicles such that their in vitro release was slower compared to the drug solution. A preparation with 1:1:0.1 molar ratio of Tween 60, cholesterol and DCP gave the most advantageous entrapment (92.02% +/- 1.43) and release results (Q(8h) = 66.29% +/- 1.33) as compared to other compositions. Ocular irritancy test performed on albino rabbits, showed no sign of irritation for all tested niosomal formulations.

Fig. 1

Photomicrographs of gentamicin-loaded niosomes a F4; b F6 (×40)

Fig. 2

Negative stain transmission-electron micrographs of gentamicin-loaded niosomes a F4; b F6

Fig. 3

In-vitro release profiles of gentamicin sulphate in simulated lacrimal fluid from niosomal formulations prepared using Tween 60 as surfactant (F1–F4), compared to drug solution

Fig. 4

In-vitro release profiles of gentamicin sulphate in simulated lacrimal fluid from niosomal formulation prepared using Tween 80 as surfactant (F5–F8), compared to drug solution

Fig. 5

In-vitro release profiles of gentamicin sulphate in simulated lacrimal fluid from niosomal formulation prepared using Brij 35 as surfactant (F9–F12) compared to drug solution