Analysis of endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewater and drinking water treatment plants at the nanogram per litre level

Abstract

The determination of steroid hormones, alkylphenolic compounds and bisphenol A at the ng l(-1) level in environmental water samples (surface water and WasteWater Treatment Plant samples (WWTP)) is performed by a specific analytical procedure. Pre-concentration by solid-phase extraction conditions was optimized using C18 cartridges for steroid hormones and polymeric Oasis HLB cartridges for phenolic compounds. Identification and quantification were performed using a LCMS/MS system with electrospray ionization in the negative mode for both compound families. For steroid hormones, the need to have limits of detection lower than 0.5 ng l(-1) in WWTP samples led to the improvement of a purification step on silica cartridges. In the case of the phenolic compounds, no purification was required because of their lower estrogenicity. The limits of detection in WWTP effluents ranged between 0.02 ng l(-1)and 0.21 ng l(-1) for steroid hormones and 0.4 and 10.2 ng l(-1) for phenolic compounds. The method was then applied to determine concentrations of the target compounds at each step of a WWTP. The process efficiencies were evaluated. Finally, concentrations were measured in influents and effluents of a Drinking Water Treatment Plant showing the complete removal of estrogenicity.