Mismatch repair deficiency does not mediate clinical resistance to temozolomide in malignant glioma

Abstract

Purpose: A major mechanism of resistance to methylating agents, including temozolomide, is the DNA repair protein O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT). Preclinical data indicates that defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) results in tolerance to temozolomide regardless of AGT activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of MMR deficiency in mediating resistance in samples from patients with both newly diagnosed malignant gliomas and those who have failed temozolomide therapy.

Experimental design: The roles of AGT and MMR deficiency in mediating resistance in glioblastoma multiforme were assessed by immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability (MSI), respectively. The mutation status of the MSH6 gene, a proposed correlate of temozolomide resistance, was determined by direct sequencing and compared with data from immunofluorescent detection of MSH6 protein and reverse transcription-PCR amplification of MSH6 RNA.

Results: Seventy percent of newly diagnosed and 78% of failed-therapy glioblastoma multiforme samples expressed nuclear AGT protein in > or = 20% of cells analyzed, suggesting alternate means of resistance in 20% to 30% of cases. Single loci MSI was observed in 3% of patient samples; no sample showed the presence of high MSI. MSI was not shown to correlate with MSH6 mutation or loss of MSH6 protein expression.

Conclusions: Although high AGT levels may mediate resistance in a portion of these samples, MMR deficiency does not seem to be responsible for mediating temozolomide resistance in adult malignant glioma. Accordingly, the presence of a fraction of samples exhibiting both low AGT expression and MMR proficiency suggests that additional mechanisms of temozolomide resistance are operational in the clinic.

Fig. 1

Resolved structure of the MSH6 protein showing domains with amino acid (a.a.) stop and start numerical designations. Mutations other than DNA polymorphisms and synonymous mutations from Table 3 at their corresponding locations.

Fig. 2

MSH6 immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. A, sample ID: 47 showing nuclear 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylinodole staining, MSH6 staining, and colocalized merge (top); MSH6-deficient sample (ID: 22A). B, MSH6 RT-PCR compared with HeLa control; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) used as an internal loading control.