Acute and long-term treatment of mania
- PMID: 18689287
- PMCID: PMC3181868
- DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2008.10.2/evieta
Acute and long-term treatment of mania
Abstract
The treatment of mania starts with a correct diagnosis and elementary measures to prevent risks for the patient, relatives, and others. Sometimes, compulsory admission and treatment may be required for a few days. Patients with psychotic or mixed mania may be more difficult to treat. At the present time, there is solid evidence supporting the use of lithium, the anticonvulsants valproate and carbamazepine, and the antipsychotics chlorpromazine, haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, and asenapine in acute mania, and some evidence supporting the use of clozapine or electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-refractory cases. However, in clinical practice, combination therapy is the rule rather than the exception. The treatment of acute mania deserves a long-term view, and the evidence base for some treatments may be stronger than for others. When taking decisions about treatment, tolerability should also be a major concern, as differences in safety and tolerability may exceed differences in efficacy for most compounds. Psychoeducation of patients and caregivers is a powerful tool that should be used in combination with medication for optimal long-term outcome. Functional recovery should be the ultimate goal.
El tratamiento de la mania comienza con un diagnôstico correcte y medidas elementales para prévenir riesgos para el paciente, familiares, y terceras personas. En ocasiones, el ingreso y tratamiento involuntarios son necesarios durante algunos dfas. Los pacientes con mania psicôtica o mixta pueden ser mâs dif Idles de tratar, Actualmente existen pruebas solidas de la eficacia del litio, los antiepilépticos valproate y carbamazepina, y los aniipsicoticos clorpromacina, haloperidol, risperidona, olanzapina, quetiapina, ziprasidona, aripiprazol, y asenapina en la mania aguda, y tambiên indicios de la eficacia de la clozapina y de la terapia eleciroconvulsiva en casos resistentes al tratamiento. Sin embargo, en la prâctica clinica, el tratamiento combinado es la norma mâs que la excepciôn, El tratamiento de la mania requière una vision a largo plazo, y los fundamentos cientfficos podrfan ser mas sôlidos para unos compuestos que otros. À la hora de tomar decisiones respecte al tratamiento, la tolerabilidad deberia ser una cuestién fundamental, ya que las diferencias en seguridad y tolerabilidad pueden ser mayores que las de eficacia entre fârmacos, La psicoeducaciôn de pacientes y familiares es una herramienta poderosa que deberfa combinarse con el tratamiento farmacolôgico para un mejor pronostico a largo plazo, La recuperaciôn funcional deberia ser la meta final.
Le traitement de l'état maniaque débute par un diagnostic adéquat et des mesures élémentaires pour éviter de mettre en péril le patient, ses proches et autrui. Il faut parfois imposer une hospitalisation et un traitement pendant quelques jours, car les patients psychotiques ou maniaques mixtes peuvent être plus difficiles à traiter. À l'heure actuelle, des arguments sérieux sont en faveur de l'utilisation du lithium, des anticonvulsivants comme le valproate et la carbamazepine, et des antipsychotiques comme la chlorpromazine, l'halopéridol, la risperidone, l'olanzapine, la quetiapine, la ziprasidone, l'aripiprazole et l'asénapine au cours de l'état maniaque aigu. D'autres observations mettent en avant l'utilisation de la clozapine ou des électrochocs dans les cas réfractâtes au traitement. Cependant en pratique clinique, l'association de plusieurs traitements est la règle plutôt que l'exception. Le traitement de l'état maniaque mérite une vision à long terme, et les fondements de certains traitements peuvent être plus forts que d'autres. Lorsque la décision du traitement est prise, il faut aussi prendre en compte la tolérance, car des différences d'innocuité et de tolérance peuvent supplanter des différences d'efficacité pour la plupart des produits. L'éducation psychologique des patients et des soignants est un outil puissant qui devrait être utilisé en association avec le traitement pour des résultats optimaux à long terme. La guérison fonctionnelle du patient devrait être l'objectif final.
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