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Review
. 2008 Nov;34(6):1111-21.
doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbn108. Epub 2008 Aug 22.

Gene-environment interplay between cannabis and psychosis

Cécile Henquet  1 , Marta Di Forti, Paul Morrison, Rebecca Kuepper, Robin M Murray
Affiliations
Review

Gene-environment interplay between cannabis and psychosis

Cécile Henquet et al. Schizophr Bull. 2008 Nov.

Abstract

Cannabis use is considered a contributory cause of schizophrenia and psychotic illness. However, only a small proportion of cannabis users develop psychosis. This can partly be explained by the amount and duration of the consumption of cannabis and by its strength but also by the age at which individuals are first exposed to cannabis. Genetic factors, in particular, are likely to play a role in the short- and the long-term effects cannabis may have on psychosis outcome. This review will therefore consider the interplay between genes and exposure to cannabis in the development of psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia. Studies using genetic, epidemiological, experimental, and observational techniques will be discussed to investigate gene-environment correlation gene-environment interaction, and higher order interactions within the cannabis-psychosis association. Evidence suggests that mechanisms of gene-environment interaction are likely to underlie the association between cannabis and psychosis. In this respect, multiple variations within multiple genes--rather than single genetic polymorphisms--together with other environmental factors (eg, stress) may interact with cannabis to increase the risk of psychosis. Further research on these higher order interactions is needed to better understand the biological pathway by which cannabis use, in some individuals, may cause psychosis in the short- and long term.

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Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Cannabis Use During Adolescence Significantly Increased the Risk of Developing a Schizophreniform Disorder at Age 26 y but Only in Those Individuals Who Carried 1 or 2 COMT Val158Met Val Alleles. Ref. 62
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
The Val158Met Functional Polymorphism of the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Gene Moderated Sensitivity to the Cognitive Effects of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC significantly decreased memory performance; however, subjects with the Val/Val genotype were significantly more impaired on a delayed recognition task after THC than those with the Met/Met or the Val/Met genotype. Ref. 71.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
Cannabis Use During Adolescence Significantly Increased the Risk of Developing Nonaffective Psychosis Later in Life but Only in Those Individuals Who Experienced Sexual Trauma During Childhood. Ref. 94.
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