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. 2008 Sep 5;321(5894):1314.
doi: 10.1126/science.1160631.

Shadow enhancers as a source of evolutionary novelty

Joung-Woo Hong  1 , David A Hendrix, Michael S Levine
Affiliations

Shadow enhancers as a source of evolutionary novelty

Joung-Woo Hong et al. Science. .
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Identification of shadow enhancers. (A) Genome browser showing the Brinker locus (brk) and neighboring gene, Atg5 (http://flybuzz.berkeley.edu/cgibin/gbrowse/fly4_3/). The first three lines from the top, blue, yellow and red, show the levels of steady-state RNAs in the pipe, Tollrm9/rm10 and Toll10b mutants, respectively. brk transcripts are absent in pipe and Toll10b mutants, but present in Tollrm9/rm10 mutants. Atg5 is inactive in all mutants, suggesting that the intronic enhancer is dedicated to brk regulation. The last three lines show the distribution of Snail, Twist, and Dorsal based on whole-genome ChIP-chip assays. The leftmost cluster (open arrowhead) coincides with the known, primary enhancer in the 5′ flanking region. A second cluster (filled arrowhead) is detected 13 kb downstream of the brk transcription start site within Atg5. A ~1 kb genomic DNA fragment encompassing the 3′ binding cluster (shadow enhancer) was tested in transgenic embryos (filled arrowhead). The 5′ enhancer was tested previously (5). Both fragments function as authentic enhancers to generate lateral stripes of gene expression in the neurogenic ectoderm. (B) Same as A, except that the sog locus is shown. sog transcripts are predominantly detected in Tollrm9/rm10 mutants where the gene is fully active (see the blue, yellow and red lines, which show the results of the whole-genome tiling arrays). ChIP-chip assays identify two clusters of Dorsal, Twist, and Snail binding sites, within intron 1 and 3′ of the neighboring gene, CG8117. Both genomic DNA fragments function as authentic enhancers to direct lateral stripes of gene expression. Gene prediction models are displayed above each graphical presentation. Each 3′ end is labeled with triangle.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

  • Genetics. Enhancing gene regulation.
    Wray GA, Babbitt CC. Wray GA, et al. Science. 2008 Sep 5;321(5894):1300-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1163568. Science. 2008. PMID: 18772422 No abstract available.

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