Activation of HtrA2, a mitochondrial serine protease mediates apoptosis: current knowledge on HtrA2 mediated myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

Abstract

A plethora of apoptotic stimuli converge on the mitochondria and affect their membrane integrity, thereby eliciting release of multiple death-promoting factors residing in the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol. Among the death-promoting factors, a serine protease, high temperature requirement A2 (HtrA2) has drawn attention as a key player in the apoptosis pathways in different pathological conditions including myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Heart ischemia/reperfusion results in HtrA2 translocation from the mitochondria to the cytosol, where it promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis via a protease activity-dependent and caspase-mediated pathway. Once released, cytosolic HtrA2 causes X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) degradation, caspase activation, and subsequent apoptosis. Consistent with the hypothesis, inhibition of HtrA2 improved postischemic myocardial contractile functions along with reduction of myocardial infarct size. The precise mechanism underlying HtrA2-induced apoptosis in mammalian cells has been studied through biochemical, structural, and genetic studies, in which HtrA2 promotes proteolytic activation of caspases through multiple pathways in heart ischemia. Therapeutic interventions that inhibit HtrA2 expression, translocation, or protease activity (such as by using the ucf-101 inhibitor) may provide an attractive therapeutics in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.