Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2008 Oct 8;2008(4):CD003823.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003823.pub2.

Blood pressure lowering efficacy of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for primary hypertension

Balraj S Heran  1 , Michelle My Wong, Inderjit K Heran, James M Wright
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Blood pressure lowering efficacy of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for primary hypertension

Balraj S Heran et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: ACE inhibitors are widely prescribed for hypertension so it is essential to determine and compare their effects on blood pressure (BP), heart rate and withdrawals due to adverse effects (WDAE).

Objectives: To quantify the dose-related systolic and/or diastolic BP lowering efficacy of ACE inhibitors versus placebo in the treatment of primary hypertension.

Search strategy: We searched CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1966 to February 2007), EMBASE (1988 to February 2007) and reference lists of articles.

Selection criteria: Double-blind, randomized, controlled trials evaluating the BP lowering efficacy of fixed-dose monotherapy with an ACE inhibitor compared with placebo for a duration of 3 to 12 weeks in patients with primary hypertension.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information. WDAE information was collected from the trials.

Main results: Ninety two trials evaluated the dose-related trough BP lowering efficacy of 14 different ACE inhibitors in 12 954 participants with a baseline BP of 157/101 mm Hg. The data do not suggest that any one ACE inhibitor is better or worse at lowering BP. A dose of 1/8 or 1/4 of the manufacturer's maximum recommended daily dose (Max) achieved a BP lowering effect that was 60 to 70% of the BP lowering effect of Max. A dose of 1/2 Max achieved a BP lowering effect that was 90% of Max. ACE inhibitor doses above Max did not significantly lower BP more than Max. Combining the effects of 1/2 Max and higher doses gives an estimate of the average trough BP lowering efficacy for ACE inhibitors as a class of drugs of -8 mm Hg for SBP and -5 mm Hg for DBP. ACE inhibitors reduced BP measured 1 to 12 hours after the dose by about 11/6 mm Hg.

Authors' conclusions: There are no clinically meaningful BP lowering differences between different ACE inhibitors. The BP lowering effect of ACE inhibitors is modest; the magnitude of trough BP lowering at one-half the manufacturers' maximum recommended dose and above is -8/-5 mm Hg. Furthermore, 60 to 70% of this trough BP lowering effect occurs with recommended starting doses. The review did not provide a good estimate of the incidence of harms associated with ACE inhibitors because of the short duration of the trials and the lack of reporting of adverse effects in many of the trials.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

No conflicts of interest declared.

Figures

1
1
QUOROM flow diagram
2
2
Number of included studies according to publication year
3
3
Number of included studies according to ACE inhibitor studied
4
4
Log dose‐response curve of benazepril 2 ‐ 80 mg/day 
 (Shaded area represents manufacturer's recommended dose range)
5
5
Log dose‐response curve of captopril 37.5 ‐ 200 mg/day 
 (Shaded area represents manufacturer's recommended dose range)
6
6
Log dose‐response curve of cilazapril 0.5 ‐ 10 mg/day 
 (Shaded area represents manufacturer's recommended dose range)
7
7
Log dose‐response curve of enalapril 5 ‐ 40 mg/day 
 (Shaded area represents manufacturer's recommended dose range)
8
8
Lose dose‐response curve of fosinopril 2.5 ‐ 40 mg/day 
 (Shaded area represents manufacturer's recommended dose range)
9
9
Log dose‐response curve of imidapril 5 ‐ 40 mg/day 
 (Shaded area represents manufacturer's recommended dose range)
10
10
Lose dose‐response curve of lisinopril 1.25 ‐ 80 mg/day 
 (Shaded area represents manufacturer's recommended dose range)
11
11
Log dose‐response curve of moexipril 7.5 ‐ 30 mg/day 
 (Shaded area represents manufacturer's recommended dose range)
12
12
Log dose‐response curve of perindopril 2 ‐ 16 mg/day 
 (Shaded area represents manufacturer's recommended dose range)
13
13
Log dose‐response curve of quinapril 10 ‐ 40 mg/day 
 (Shaded area represents manufacturer's recommended dose range)
14
14
Log dose‐response curve of ramipril 1.25 ‐ 20 mg/day 
 (Shaded area represents manufacturer's recommended dose range)
15
15
Log dose‐response curve of spirapril 3 ‐ 24 mg/day
16
16
Log dose‐response curve of temocapril 1 ‐ 20 mg/day 
 (Shaded area represents manufacturer's recommended dose range)
17
17
Log dose‐response curve of trandolapril 0.5 ‐ 16 mg/day 
 (Shaded area represents manufacturer's recommended dose range)
18
18
Blood pressure lowering efficacy of ACE inhibitors according to proportions of Max
19
19
Blood pressure lowering efficacy of ACE inhibitors according to proportions of Max
20
20
Blood pressure lowering efficacy of ACE inhibitors according to proportions of Max
21
21
Blood pressure lowering efficacy of ACE inhibitors according to proportions of Max
22
22
Blood pressure lowering efficacy of ACE inhibitors according to proportions of Max
23
23
Blood pressure lowering efficacy of ACE inhibitors according to proportions of Max
24
24
Blood pressure lowering efficacy of ACE inhibitors according to proportions of Max
25
25
Log dose‐response curve of ACE inhibitors according to proportions of Max
26
26
Near maximal blood pressure lowering efficacy of ACE inhibitors
27
27
Funnel plot of near maximal change in trough SBP for ACE inhibitors at 1/2 Max and higher doses
28
28
Funnel plot of near maximal change in trough DBP for ACE inhibitors at 1/2 Max and higher doses
29
29
Post‐hoc tertile analysis of the effect of trial size on reported trough BP lowering
30
30
Post‐hoc tertile analysis of the effect of publication year on reported trough BP lowering
31
31
Log dose‐response curve of peak blood pressure lowering efficacy of ACE inhibitors according to proportions of Max
32
32
Log dose‐response curve assessing the effect of ACE inhibitors on heart rate
33
33
Log dose‐response curve assessing the effect of ACE inhibitors on withdrawals due to adverse effects
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Benazepril vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Benazepril vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Captopril vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in SBP.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Captopril vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in DBP.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cilazapril vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Cilazapril vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Enalapril vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Enalapril vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Fosinopril vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Fosinopril vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Imidapril vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Imidapril vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Lisinopril vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Lisinopril vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Moexipril vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Moexipril vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Perindopril vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Perindopril vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Quinapril vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Quinapril vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Ramipril vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Ramipril vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Spirapril vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 Spirapril vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Temocapril vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13 Temocapril vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Trandolapril vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14 Trandolapril vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 1/16 Max Dose vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
15.2
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15 1/16 Max Dose vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 1/8 Max Dose vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16 1/8 Max Dose vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17 1/4 Max Dose vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
17.2
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17 1/4 Max Dose vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 1/2 Max Dose vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
18.2
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18 1/2 Max Dose vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19 Max Dose vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
19.2
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19 Max Dose vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20 2 Max and Higher Doses vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
20.2
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20 2 Max and Higher Doses vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
21.1
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21 1/2 Max and Higher Doses vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in trough SBP.
21.2
21.2. Analysis
Comparison 21 1/2 Max and Higher Doses vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in trough DBP.
22.1
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22 ACE Inhibitors vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Change in peak SBP [1/2 Max and Higher Doses Only].
22.2
22.2. Analysis
Comparison 22 ACE Inhibitors vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Change in peak DBP [1/2 Max and Higher Doses Only].
22.3
22.3. Analysis
Comparison 22 ACE Inhibitors vs Placebo, Outcome 3 Change in peak SBP [All Doses].
22.4
22.4. Analysis
Comparison 22 ACE Inhibitors vs Placebo, Outcome 4 Change in peak DBP [All Doses].
22.5
22.5. Analysis
Comparison 22 ACE Inhibitors vs Placebo, Outcome 5 Change in trough heart rate.
22.6
22.6. Analysis
Comparison 22 ACE Inhibitors vs Placebo, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals due to adverse effects.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Applegate 1996 {published data only}
    1. Applegate WB, Cohen JD, Wolfson P, Davis A, Green S. Evaluation of blood pressure response to the combination of enalapril (single dose) and diltiazem ER (four different doses) in systemic hypertension. American Journal of Cardiology 1996;78:51‐5. - PubMed
Belz 1986 {published data only}
    1. Belz GG, Lange H, Tschollar W, Neis W. Cilazapril in essential hypertension: A placebo‐controlled double‐blind study to establish the dosage [Cilazapril bei essentieller hypertonie: Eine placebokontrollierte doppelblindstudie zur dosisfindung]. Medizinische Klinik 1986;81(15‐16):524‐9. - PubMed
Black 1997 {published data only}
    1. Black HR, Graff A, Shute D, Stoltz R, Ruff D, Levine J, Shi Y, Mallows S. Valsartan, a new angiotensin II antagonist for the treatment of essential hypertension: efficacy, tolerability and safety compared to an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril. Journal of Human Hypertension 1997;11(8):483‐9. - PubMed
Boeijinga 1993 {published data only}
    1. Boeijinga JK, Kraaij CJ, Kleinbloesem H, Cohen AF, Breimer DD. The influence of cilazapril on anticoagulants in hypertensive patients treated with coumarins. Current Therapeutic Research 1993;54(4):443‐51.
Brown 1990 {published data only}
    1. Brown CL, Backhouse CI, Grippat JC, Santoni JP. The effect of perindopril and hydrochlorothiazide alone and in combination on blood pressure and on the renin‐angiotensin system in hypertensive subjects. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1990;39(4):327‐32. - PubMed
Carlsen 1995 {published data only}
    1. Carlsen JE, Buchmann M, Hoglund C, Pellinen T, Honkanen T, Soerensen OH, Leth A, Maltbaek N. 24‐hour antihypertensive effect of oral cilazapril? A placebo‐controlled study evaluating 1, 2.5 and 5 mg once daily. Clinical Drug Investigation 1995;10(4):221‐7.
Chan 1997 {published data only}
    1. Chan P, Lin CN, Tomlinson B, Lin TH, Lee YS. Additive effects of diltiazem and lisinopril in the treatment of elderly patients with mild‐to‐moderate hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1997;10(7):743‐9. - PubMed
Chrysant 1993 {published data only}
    1. Chrysant SG, McDonald RH, Wright JT, Barden PL, Weiss RJ. Perindopril as monotherapy in hypertension: A multicenter comparison of two dosing regimens. Archives of Internal Medicine 1993;53(4):479‐84. - PubMed
Chrysant 1994 {published data only}
    1. Chrysant S. Antihypertensive effectiveness of low‐dose lisinopril‐hydrochlorothiazide combination. Archives of Internal Medicine 1994;154(7):737‐43. - PubMed
Chrysant 1996 {published data only}
    1. Chrysant SG, Fagan T, Glazer R, Kriegman A. Effects of benazepril and hydrochlorothiazide, given alone and in low‐ and high‐dose combinations, on blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Archives of Family Medicine 1996;5(1):17‐24. - PubMed
    1. Fagan T, Head K, DeSilva J, Whalen J. Double‐blind comparison of once daily benazepril, hydrochlorothiazide and placebo in mild to moderate hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1989;2(5, Part 2):78A.
    1. Gomez HJ. Dose‐response studies with benazepril in mild to moderate hypertension. Clinical Cardiology 1991;14(Suppl IV):IV‐22‐7. - PubMed
Cushman 1998 {published data only}
    1. Cushman WC, Cohen JD, Jones RP, Marbury TC, Rhoades RB, Smith LK. Comparison of the fixed combination of enalapril/diltiazem ER and their monotherapies in stage 1 to 3 essential hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1998;11(1):23‐30. - PubMed
De Bruijn 1994 {published data only}
    1. Bruijn JHB, Orofiamma BA, Pauly NC. Efficacy and tolerability of trandolapril (0.5‐2 mg) administered for 4 weeks in patients with mild‐to‐moderate hypertension. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1994;23(Suppl 4):S60‐S64. - PubMed
DeQuattro 1997 {published data only}
    1. DeQuattro V, Lee D, Messerli F. Efficacy of combination therapy with trandolapril and verapamil SR in primary hypertension: A 4 X 4 trial design. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 1997;19(3):373‐87. - PubMed
    1. DeQuattro V, Lee D, and the Trandolapril Study Group. Fixed‐dose combination therapy with trandolapril and verapamil SR is effective in primary hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1997;10(7 Pt 2):138S‐145S. - PubMed
    1. Levine JH, Applegate WB. Trandolapril and verapamil slow release in the treatment of hypertension: A dose‐response assessment with the use of a multifactorial trial design. Current Therapeutic Research 1997;58(6):361‐74.
Drayer 1983 {published data only}
    1. Drayer J, Weber MA. Monotherapy of essential hypertension with a converting‐enzyme inhibitor. Hypertension 1983;5(Suppl III):III108‐13. - PubMed
Dupui 1993 {published data only}
    1. Dupui P, Larrue V, Pavy‐Le Traon A, Allavoine T, Geraud G, Bes A. Effects of a captopril‐induced decrease of the arterial blood pressure on the cerebral blood flow of elderly subjects with moderate hypertension [Consequences d'une diminution de la pression sanguine arterielle induite par le captopril sur l'hemodynamique cerebrale du sujet age moderement hypertendu]. Circulation et metabolisme du cerveau 1993;10(3‐4):143‐56.
    1. Larrue V, Dupui P, Pave‐Le Traon A, Allavoine T, Geraud G, Bes A. Cerebral blood flow changes induced by a chronic treatment with captopril in previously untreated elderly hypertensive subjects [Effets du captopril sur le debit sanguin cerebral du sujet age hypertendu]. Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux 1994;87(8):997‐1000. - PubMed
Fairhurst 1994 {published data only}
    1. Fairhurst GJ. A multicentre multidose study of the efficacy and safety of spirapril in mild‐to‐moderate essential hypertension. Blood Pressure 1994;3(Suppl 2):77‐80. - PubMed
Fernandez 1990 {published data only}
    1. Fernandez PG, Bolli P, Lee C. The 24 h blood pressure responses of hypertensives to a once‐a‐day cilazapril regimen. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1990;6(2):53‐8. - PubMed
    1. Fernandez PG, Bolli P, Lee C, Vasdev S. Cilazapril inhibits vascular responses to baroreflex‐stimulated sympathetic neural activity in hypertensive patients. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1990;6(1):9‐14. - PubMed
Fernandez 1994 {published data only}
    1. Fernandez M, Madero R, Gonzalez D, Camacho P, Villalpando J, Arriaga J. Combined versus single effect of fosinopril and hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1994;23(Suppl 1):I207‐10. - PubMed
Ford 1993 {published data only}
    1. Ford NF, Fulmor IE, Nichola PS, Alpin PG, Herron JM. Fosinopril monotherapy: Relationship between blood pressure reduction and time of administration. Clinical Cardiology 1993;16(4):324‐30. - PubMed
Gerritsen 1998 {published data only}
    1. Gerritsen TA, Bak AAA, Stolk RP, Jonker JJC, Grobbee DE. Effects of nitrendipine and enalapril on left ventricular mass in patients with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 1998;16(5):689‐96. - PubMed
Gomez 1989 {published data only}
    1. Gomez HJ, Cirillo VJ, Sromosky JA, Otterbein ES, Shaw WC, Rush JE, Chrysant SG, Gradman AH, Leon AS, MacCarthy P, Nelson EB, Pool J, Vedin A. Lisinopril dose‐response relationship in essential hypertension. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1989;28(4):415‐20. - PMC - PubMed
Gradman 1995 {published data only}
    1. Gradman AH, Arcuri KE, Goldberg AI, Ikeda LS, Nelson EB, Snavely DB, Sweet CS. A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, parallel study of various doses of losartan potassium compared with enalapril maleate in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1995;25(6):1345‐50. - PubMed
Gradman 1997 {published data only}
    1. Gradman AH, Cutler NR, Davis PJ, Robbins JA, Weiss RJ, Wood BC. Combined enalapril and felodipine extended release (ER) for systemic hypertension. American Journal of Cardiology 1997;79(4):431‐5. - PubMed
Guitard 1994 {published data only}
    1. Guitard C, Alvisi V, Maibach E, Franck J, Cocco G, Boxho G, Mellein B, Waite R. Placebo‐controlled comparison of spirapril at 6, 12 and 24 mg/day in mild to severe essential hypertension. Blood Pressure 1994;3(Suppl 2):81‐7. - PubMed
Guitard 1997 {published data only}
    1. Guitard C, Lohmann FW, Alfiero R, Ruina M, Alvisi V. Comparison of efficacy of spirapril and enalapril in control of mild‐to‐moderate hypertension. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 1997;11(3):449‐57. - PubMed
Guntzel 1991 {published data only}
    1. Guntzel P, Kobrin I, Pasquier C, Zimlichman R, Viskoper JR. The effect of cilazapril, a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, on peak and trough blood pressure measurements in hypertensive patients. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1991;17(1):8‐12. - PubMed
    1. Kobrin I, Guntzel P, Viskoper R, Paran E, Zimlichman R. Antihypertensive duration of action of cilazapril in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Drugs 1991;41(Suppl. 1):31‐6. - PubMed
Holwerda 1996 {published data only}
    1. Holwerda NJ, Fogari R, Angeli P, Porcellati C, Hereng C, Oddou‐Stock P, Heath R, Bodin F. Valsartan, a new angiotensin II antagonist for the treatment of essential hypertension: efficacy and safety compared with placebo and enalapril. Journal of Hypertension 1996;14(9):1147‐51. - PubMed
Homuth 1993 {published data only}
    1. Homuth V, Faulhaber H‐D, Loose U, Loffler K, Luft FC. Usefulness of piretanide plus ramipril for systemic hypertension: A multicenter trial. American Journal of Cardiology 1993;72(9):666‐71. - PubMed
Kayanakis 1987 {published data only}
    1. Kayanakis JG, Baulac L. Comparative study of once‐daily administration of captopril 50 mg, hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg and their combination in mild to moderate hypertension. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1987;23(23 Suppl 1):89S‐92S. - PMC - PubMed
Kobrin 1991 {published data only}
    1. Kobrin I, Guntzel P, Viskoper R, Paran E, Zimlichman R. Antihypertensive duration of action of cilazapril in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Drugs 1991;41(Suppl 1):31‐6. - PubMed
Koch 1999 {published data only}
    1. Koch B, Oparil S, Stimpel M. Co‐administration of an ACE‐inhibitor (moexipril) and hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Journal of Human Hypertension 1999;13(5):337‐42. - PubMed
Kohlmann Jr 1999 {published data only}
    1. Kohlmann Jr O, Jardim PCBV, Oigman W. Brazilian multicenter study on efficacy and tolerability of trandolapril in mild‐to‐moderate essential arterial hypertension: EMBATHE substudy with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring [Estudo multicentrico brasileiro de avaliacao da eficacia e tolerabilidade de trandolapril na hipertensao arterial essencial leve a moderada: EMBATHE subestudo com monitorizacao arterial de pressao arterial]. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 1999;72(5):547‐52. - PubMed
Kostis 1991 {published data only}
    1. Kostis JB. Double‐blind study of ascending doses of ramipril in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Advances in Therapy 1991;8(1):6‐17.
    1. Schnaper HW. Dose‐response relationship of ramipril in patients with mild‐to‐moderate hypertension. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1991;18(Suppl 2):S128‐S130. - PubMed
Krum 1992 {published data only}
    1. Krum H, Jackson B, Conway EL, Howes LG, Johnston CI, Louis WJ. Steady‐state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cilazapril in the presence and absence of cyclopenthiazide. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1992;20(3):451‐7. - PubMed
Krum 1998 {published data only}
    1. Krum H, Viskoper RJ, Lacourciere Y, Budde M, Charlon V. The effect of an endothelin‐receptor antagonist, bosentan, on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine 1998;338(12):784‐90. - PubMed
Kuppers 1997 {published data only}
    1. Kuppers HE, Jager BA, Luszick JH, Grave MA, Hughes PR, Kaan EC. Placebo‐controlled comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of once‐daily moxonidine and enalapril in mild‐to‐moderate essential hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 1997;15:93‐7. - PubMed
Kuschnir 1996 {published data only}
    1. Kuschnir E, Acuna E, Sevilla D, Vasquez J, Bendersky M, Resk J, Glazer R. Treatment of patients with essential hypertension: Amlodipine 5 mg/benazepril 20 mg compared with amlodipine 5 mg, benazepril 20 mg, and placebo. Clinical Therapeutics 1996;18(6):1213‐24. - PubMed
Lacourciere 1994 {published data only}
    1. Lacourciere Y, Leenen F, Rangno R, Spence JD, Lenis JH, Myers MG. Discrepancies between clinic and ambulatory blood pressure responses to cilazapril therapy. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1994;10(6):605‐10. - PubMed
Lerch 1999 {published data only}
    1. Lerch M, Weidmann P, Ho MP, Gerber P, Eckenberger P, Kaemmereit A, Teuscher AU. Metabolic effects of temocapril in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1999;33(4):527‐33. - PubMed
Levine 1995 {published data only}
    1. Levine JH, Ferdinand KC, Cargo P, Laine H, Lefkowitz M. Additive effects of verapamil and enalapril in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1995;8(5 Pt 1):494‐9. - PubMed
Luccioni 1988 {published data only}
    1. Luccioni R, Gass FR, Schwab C, Santoni JP, Perret L. Evaluation of the dose‐effect relationship of a new ace inhibitor (perindopril) by an automatic blood pressure recorder. European Heart Journal 1988;9:1131‐6. - PubMed
MacLean 1989 {published data only}
    1. Maclean D. Quinapril: A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial in essential hypertension. Angiology 1989;40(4 Pt 2):370‐81. - PubMed
Mancia 1992 {published data only}
    1. Mancia G, Cesaris R, Fogari R, Lattuada S, Montemurro G, Palomba C, Porcellati C, Ranieri G, Tettamanti F, Verdecchia P, Marelli C, Omboni S, Ravogli A, Zanchetti A. Evaluation of the antihypertensive effect of once‐a‐day trandolapril by 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. American Journal of Cardiology 1992;70(12):60D‐66D. - PubMed
    1. Ravogli A, Omboni S, Cesaris R, Fogari R, Lattuada S, Montemurro G, Palombo C, Porcellati C, Ranieri G, Tettamanti F, Verdecchia P, Marelli C, Zanchetti A, Mancia G. Twenty‐four hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and antihypertensive treatment: Focus on ACE inhibitors. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1994;23(Suppl 1):S15‐S19. - PubMed
Mancia 1997 {published data only}
    1. Mancia G, Agabiti‐Rosei E, Benetti G, Calcagnini G, Campa PP, Carretta R, Casati R, Coca A, Sierra A, Federighi G, Fogari R, Fontana S, Gomez B, Infelise V, Nami R, Pasotti C, Pirrelli A, Otero L, Vidal L. Effects of verapamil SR, trandolapril, and their fixed combination on 24‐h blood pressure: The Veratran Study. American Journal of Hypertension 1997;10(5 Pt 1):492‐9. - PubMed
McCarron 1991 {published data only}
    1. Burris JF. The effect of ramipril on ambulatory blood pressure: A multicenter trial. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1991;18(Suppl 2):S131‐S133. - PubMed
    1. McCarron D. 24‐hour blood pressure profiles in hypertensive patients administered ramipril or placebo once daily: magnitude and duration of antihypertensive effects. Cardiology 1991;14(9):737‐42. - PubMed
McFate‐Smith 1991 {published data only}
    1. Gomez HJ, Glazer R, Mallows S, Silva J. Benazepril in the treatment of older and elderly hypertensive patients. Benazepril: Profile of a new ACE inhibitor. Royal Society of Medicine Services International Congress and Symposium Series. London: Royal Society of Medicine Services Limited, 1990, issue 166:111‐21.
    1. McFate Smith W, Gomez HJ. The use of benazepril in hypertensive patients age 55 and over. Clinical Cardiology 1991;14(Suppl IV):IV79‐82. - PubMed
Messerli 1998 {published data only}
    1. Messerli F, Frishman WH, Elliott WJ. Effects of verapamil and trandolapril in the treatment of hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1998;11(3 Pt 1):322‐7. - PubMed
Moser 1991 {published data only}
    1. Gomez HJ. Dose‐response studies with benazepril in mild to moderate hypertension. Clinical Cardiology 1991;14(Suppl IV):IV‐22‐7. - PubMed
    1. Moser M, Abraham PA, Bennett WM, Brachfeld N, Goodman RP, McKenney JM, Hollifield JW, Kirkendall WM, Lasseter KC, Leon AS, Lunn JA, Miller K, Morganroth J, Ruddy MC, Sambhi MP, Stein WJ, Weber MA, Williams RL, Zawada ET, DeSilva J, Gourley LA, Whalen JJ. The effects of benazepril, a new angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, in mild to moderate essential hypertension: A multicenter study. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1991;49(3):322‐9. - PubMed
    1. Moser M, Whalen J, Gourley L, DeSilva J. Double‐blind comparison of benazepril, hydrochlorothiazide, and placebo in mild to moderate hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1989;2(5 Pt 2):44A.
Mroczek 1991 {published data only}
    1. Mroczek WJ, Klein J, Burris JF. Dose‐finding study of cilazapril (Inhibace(TM)) in patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension ‐ Theory and Practice 1991;13(8):1415‐32. - PubMed
Mroczek 1996 {published data only}
    1. Mroczek WJ, Stimpel M. A double‐blind evaluation of moexipril versus hydrochlorothiazide in hypertension. Advances in Therapy 1996;13(2):79‐87.
Muiesan 1987 {published data only}
    1. Muiesan G, Agabiti‐Rosei E, Buoninconti R, Cagli V, Carotti A, Corea L, Innocenti P, Malerba M, Paciaroni E, Pirrelli A, Toso M, Botta G. Antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of captopril in the elderly: Comparison with hydrochlorothiazide and placebo in multicentre, double‐blind study. Journal of Hypertension 1987;5(Suppl 5):S599‐S602. - PubMed
Myers 1996 {published data only}
    1. Myers MG. A dose‐response study of perindopril in hypertension: Effects on blood pressure 6 and 24 h after dosing. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1996;12(11):1191‐6. - PubMed
New 2000 {published data only}
    1. New JP, Bilous RW, Walker M. Insulin sensitivity in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients after 1 and 19 days' treatment with trandolapril. Diabetic Medicine 2000;17(2):134‐40. - PubMed
Oparil 1999 {published data only}
    1. Oparil S. Eprosartan versus enalapril in hypertensive patients with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor‐induced cough. Current Therapeutic Research 1999;60(1):1‐4.
Overlack 1994 {published data only}
    1. Bonner G, Lederle RM, Scholze J, Stumpe KO. Therapeutic safety of perindopril in the treatment of mild hypertension with concomitant therapy. Arzneimittel‐Forschung 1993;43(8):852‐5. - PubMed
    1. Middeke M, Krone W. Effects of perindopril on serum lipids in hypertensive patients with hyperlipidemia. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1994;23(4):629‐31. - PubMed
    1. Overlack A, Adamczak M, Bachmann W, Bonner G, Bretzel RG, Derichs R, Krone W, Lederle RM, Reimann HJ, Zschiedrich H, Stumpe KO. ACE‐inhibition with perindopril in essential hypertensive patients with concomitant diseases. American Journal of Medicine 1994;97(2):126‐34. - PubMed
    1. Overlack A, Kronig B, Stumpe KO. Clinical and functional course of COPD in hypertensive patients with concomitant chronic bronchitis and emphysema during treatment with an ACE inhibitor, perindopril. Journal of Drug Development 1993;6(1):5‐9.
    1. Stumpe KO, Overlack A. A new trial of the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition in mild systemic hypertension with concomitant diseases and therapies. American Journal of Cardiology 1993;71(17):32E‐37E. - PubMed
Persson 1996 {published data only}
    1. Persson B, Stimpel M. Evaluation of the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of moexipril, a new ACE inhibitor, compared to hydrochlorothiazide in elderly patients. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1996;50:259‐64. - PubMed
Pittrow 1997 {published data only}
    1. Pittrow DB, Antlsperger A, Welzel D, Wambach G, Schardt W, Weldinger G. Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of a low‐dose combination of isradipine and spirapril in the first‐line treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 1997;11(5):619‐27. - PubMed
Pizarro 1996 {published data only}
    1. Pizarro M, Lima J, Domingues J, Gouveia AC, Monteiro A, Carrageta M, Freitas AF. Antihypertensive effect of fosinopril in mild hypertension [Efeito anti‐hipertensor do fosinopril na hipertensao arterial ligeira]. Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia 1996;15(6):495‐7,460. - PubMed
Poirier 1991 {published data only}
    1. Lacourciere Y, Poirier L, Pyzyk M. 2.5 and 5 mg cilazapril once daily compared with placebo in hypertension: A comparative out‐patient study of 24‐hour blood pressure monitoring [2,5 und 5 mg cilazapril einmal taglich verglichen mit plazebo bei hypertonie: Eine vergleichsstudie mit ambulantem 24‐studen‐monitoring]. Cardiology 1993;82(Suppl 2):78‐82. - PubMed
    1. Poirier L, Pyzyk M, Provencher P, Lacourciere Y. Comparative effects of 2.5 and 5 mg cilazapril versus placebo on daily blood pressure load. American Journal of Hypertension 1991;4(11):913‐5. - PubMed
Pool 1990 {published data only}
    1. Pool JL. Antihypertensive effect of fosinopril, a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: Findings of the fosinopril study group II. Clinical Therapeutics 1990;12(6):520‐33. - PubMed
Pool 1997 {published data only}
    1. Pool JL, Cushman WC, Saini RK, Nwachuku CE, Battikha JP. Use of the factorial design and quadratic response surface models to evaluate the fosinopril and hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy in hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1997;10(1):117‐23. - PubMed
Pool 2001 {published data only}
    1. Pool J, Kaihlanen P, Lewis G, Ginsberg D, Oparil S, Glazer R, Messerli FH. Once‐daily treatment of patients with hypertension: a placebo‐controlled study of amlodipine and benazepril vs amlodipine or benazepril alone. Journal of Human Hypertension 2001;15(7):495‐8. - PubMed
Pordy 1994 {published data only}
    1. Pordy RC. Cilazapril plus hydrochlorothiazide: Improved efficacy without reduced safety in mild to moderate hypertension. Cardiology 1994;85(5):311‐22. - PubMed
Prager 1994 {published data only}
    1. Prager G, Klein P, Schmitt M, Prager R. Antihypertensive efficacy of cilazapril 2.5 and 5.0 mg once‐daily versus placebo on office blood pressure and 24‐hour blood pressure profile. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1994;24(Suppl 3):S93‐9. - PubMed
Prichard 2002 {published data only}
    1. Prichard BN, Jager BA, Luszick JH, Kuster LJ, Verboom CN, Hughes PR, Sauermann W, Kuppers HE. Placebo‐controlled comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of once‐daily moxonidine and enalapril in mild to moderate essential hypertension. Blood Pressure 2002;11(3):166‐72. - PubMed
Reimann 1995 {published data only}
    1. Reimann HJ, Muller M, Trinczek‐Gartner H, Kirchhoff R, Kirchhoff G. ACE inhibition in hypertensive patients with concomitant NSAID therapy [ACE‐hemmung bei patienten mit hypertonie und gleichzeitiger NSAR‐therapie]. Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1995;137(12):187‐91.
Roca‐Cusachs 2001 {published data only}
    1. Roca‐Cusachs A, Torres F, Horas M, Rios J, Calvo G, Delgadillo J, Teran M. Nitrendipine and enalapril combination therapy in mild to moderate hypertension: Assessment of dose‐response relationship by a clinical trial of factorial design. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2001;38(6):840‐9. - PubMed
Sassano 1984 {published data only}
    1. Sassano P, Chatellier G, Alhenc‐Gelas F, Corvol P, Menard J. Antihypertensive effect of enalapril as first‐step treatment of mild and moderate uncomplicated essential hypertension. American Journal of Medicine 1984;77(2A):18‐22. - PubMed
Saynavalammi 1988 {published data only}
    1. Saynavalammi P, Porsti I, Porsti P, Nurmi AK, Seppala E, Manninen V, Vapaatalo H. Effects of the converting enzyme inhibitor quinapril (CI‐906) on blood pressure, renin‐angiotensin system, and prostanoids in essential hypertension. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1988;12(1):88‐93. - PubMed
Schoenberger 1986 {published data only}
    1. Schoenberger JA, Wilson DJ. Once‐daily treatment of essential hypertension with captopril. Journal of Clinical Hypertension 1986;2(4):379‐87. - PubMed
Scholze 1998 {published data only}
    1. Scholze J, Zilles P, Compagnone D. Verapamil SR and trandolapril combination therapy in hypertension ‐ a clinical trial of factorial design. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1998;45(5):491‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Scholze 1999 {published data only}
    1. Scholze J, Bauer B, Massaro J. Antihypertensive profiles with ascending dose combinations of ramipril and felodipine ER. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 1999;21(8):1447‐62. - PubMed
Simon 1983 {published data only}
    1. Morioka S, Simon G, Cohn JN. Cardiac and hormonal effects of enalapril in hypertension. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1983;34(5):583‐9. - PubMed
    1. Simon G, Morioka S, Snyder DK, Cohn JN. Increased renal plasma flow in long‐term enalapril treatment of hypertension. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1983;34(4):459‐65. - PubMed
Smith 1998 {published data only}
    1. Smith DHG, Neutel JM, Morgenstern P. Once‐daily telmisartan compared with enalapril in the treatment of hypertension. Advances in Therapy 1998;15(4):229‐40.
Smith 2000 {published data only}
    1. Smith DHG, Matzek KM, Kempthorne‐Rawson J. Dose response and safety of telmisartan in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2000;40(12 Pt 1):1380‐90. - PubMed
Trevisan 1995 {published data only}
    1. Trevisan R, Tiengo A. Effect of low‐dose ramipril on microalbuminuria in normotensive or mild hypertensive non‐insulin‐dependent diabetic patients. American Journal of Hypertension 1995;8(9):876‐83. - PubMed
Uusitupa 1996 {published data only}
    1. Uusitupa M, Korhonen M, Litmanen, Niskanen L, Vaisanen S, Rauramaa R. Effects of moderate salt restriction alone and in combination with cilazapril on office and ambulatory blood pressure. Journal of Human Hypertension 1996;10(5):319‐26. - PubMed
VA Study Group 1984 {published data only}
    1. Veterans Administration Cooperation Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Low‐dose captopril for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. Archives of Internal Medicine 1984;144(10):1947‐53. - PubMed
    1. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Racial differences in response to low‐dose captopril are abolished by the addition of hydrochlorothiazide. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1982;14(Suppl 2):97S‐101S. - PMC - PubMed
Vandenburg 1994 {published data only}
    1. Vandenburg MJ, MacKay EM, Dews I, Pullan T, Brugier S. Dose finding studies with imidapril ‐ a new ACE inhibitor. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1994;37(3):265‐72. - PMC - PubMed
Vaur 1998 {published data only}
    1. Vaur L, Dubroca I, Dutrey‐Dupagne C, Genes N, Chatellier G, Bouvier‐d'Yvoire M, Elkik F, Menard J. Superiority of home blood pressure measurements over office measurements for testing antihypertensive drugs. Blood Pressure Monitoring 1998;3(2):107‐14. - PubMed
Villamil 1987 {published data only}
    1. Villamil AS, Cairns V, Witte PU, Bertolasi CA. A double‐blind study to compare the efficacy, tolerance and safety of two doses of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril with placebo. American Journal of Cardiology 1987;59(10):110D‐14D. - PubMed
Waeber 1999 {published data only}
    1. Waeber B, Detry JM, Dahlof B, Puig JG, Gundersen T, Hosie J, Januszewicz W, Lindstrom CJ, Magometschnigg D, Safar M, Tanser P, Toutouzas P. Felodipine‐metoprolol combination tablet: A valuable option to initiate antihypertensive therapy?. American Journal of Hypertension 1999;12(9 Pt 1):915‐20. - PubMed
Weinberger 1990 {published data only}
    1. Gomez HJ. Dose‐response studies with benazepril in mild to moderate hypertension. Clinical Cardiology 1991;14(8 Suppl IV):IV22‐7. - PubMed
    1. Weinberger MH, Black HR, Lasseter KC, Lewis GP, MacLeod CM, Pascual AV, Zager PG, DeSilva J, Gourley LA, Bennett DA, Whalen JJ. Diurnal blood pressure in patients with mild‐to‐moderate hypertension treated with once‐daily benazepril hydrochloride. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1990;47(5):608‐17. - PubMed
Weir 1995 {published data only}
    1. Weir MR, Gray JM, Paster R, Saunders E. Differing mechanisms of action of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition in black and white hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1995;26(1):124‐30. - PubMed
    1. Weir MR, Saunders E. Renin status does not predict the anti‐hypertensive response to angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition in African‐Americans. Journal of Human Hypertension 1998;12(3):189‐94. - PubMed
Whalen 1989 {published data only}
    1. Gomez HJ. Dose‐response studies with benazepril in mild to moderate hypertension. Clinical Cardiology 1991;14(8 Suppl IV):IV22‐7. - PubMed
    1. Whalen J, Skalky C, DeSilva J, Weber M. Peak and trough effects of 3 once daily dose levels of benazepril in mild‐moderate hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1989;2(5 Pt 2):45A.
Whelton 1992 {published data only}
    1. Whelton A, Dunne Jr B, Glazer N, Kostis JB, Miller WE, Rector DJ, Tresznewsky ON. Twenty‐four hour blood pressure effect of once‐daily lisinopril, enalapril, and placebo in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension 1992;6(4):325‐31. - PubMed
White 1988 {published data only}
    1. White WB, McCabe EJ, Hager WD, Schulman P. The effects of the long‐acting angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor cilazapril on casual, exercise, and ambulatory blood pressure. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1988;44(2):173‐8. - PubMed
White 1995 {published data only}
    1. White WB, Whelton A, Fox A, Stimpel M, Kaihlanen PM. Tricenter assessment of the efficacy of the ACE inhibitor, moexipril, by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1995;35(3):233‐8. - PubMed
White 2002 {published data only}
    1. White WB, Sica DA, Calhoun D, Mansoor GA, Anders RJ. Preventing increases in early‐morning blood pressure, heart rate, and the rate‐pressure product with controlled onset extended release verapamil at bedtime versus enalapril, losartan, and placebo on arising. American Journal of Hypertension 2002;144(4):657‐65. - PubMed
Yebes 1993 {published data only}
    1. Yebes RB. A placebo‐controlled double blind study to evaluate the efficacy of once daily quinapril in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine 1993;31(6):317‐26.
Yodfat 1993 {published data only}
    1. Yodfat Y, Zimilchman R. Dose‐finding and dose justification of once‐daily cilazapril in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in non‐obese patients with mild‐to‐moderate essential hypertension. Journal of Drug Development 1993;6(3):117‐21.
Zamboulis 1996 {published data only}
    1. Zamboulis C, Karagiannis A, Gotzamani‐Psarrakou A, Deligianni K, Spyridonidis T, Fragos S, Psarrakos K. Effects of fosinopril on renal function in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Clinical Drug Investigation 1996;12(5):251‐8.

References to studies excluded from this review

Bainbridge 1993 {published data only}
    1. Bainbridge AD, MacFadyen RJ, Stark S, Lees KR, Reid JL. The antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of a low dose combination of ramipril and felodipine ER in mild to moderate essential hypertension. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1993;36(4):323‐30. - PMC - PubMed
Bakris 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bakris G, Sica D, Ram V, Fagan T, Vaitkus PT, Anders RJ. A comparative trial of controlled‐onset, extended‐release verapamil, enalapril, and losartan on blood pressure and heart rate changes. American Journal of Hypertension 2002;15(1 I):53‐7. - PubMed
Beaulieu 1993 {published data only}
    1. Beaulieu M, Lacourciere Y, Cleroux J. Unchanged neurogenic vasoconstrictor response after exercise during angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition with fosinopril. American Journal of Hypertension 1994;7(8):763‐6. - PubMed
    1. Beaulieu M, Nadeau A, Lacourciere Y, Cleroux J. Post‐exercise reduction in blood pressure in hypertensive subjects: Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1993;36(4):331‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Bergstrand 1985 {published data only}
    1. Bergstrand R, Herlitz H, Johansson S, Berglund G, Vedin A, Wilhelmsson C, et al. Effective dose range of enalapril in mild to moderate essential hypertension. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1985;19(5):605‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Bohlen 1996 {published data only}
    1. Bohlen L, Bienz R, Doser M, Papiri M, Shaw S, Riesen W, et al. Metabolic neutrality of perindopril: focus on insulin sensitivity in overweight patients with essential hypertension. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1996;27(6):770‐6. - PubMed
Canter 1994 {published data only}
    1. Canter D, Frank GJ, Knapp LE, Phelps M, Quade M, Texter M. Quinapril and hydrochlorothiazide combination for control of hypertension: assessment by factorial design. Quinapril Investigator Group [see comments]. Journal of Human Hypertension 1994;8(3):155‐62. - PubMed
Canter 1994a {published data only}
    1. Canter DA, Texter MJ, McLain RW. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring can play an integral role in patient selection, dosage adjustment and efficacy assessment in clinical trials of antihypertensive agents. Journal of Hypertension ‐ Supplement 1994;12(7):S33‐8. - PubMed
Cleroux 1994 {published data only}
    1. Cleroux J, Beaulieu M, Kouame N, Lacourciere Y. Comparative effects of quinapril, atenolol, and verapamil on blood pressure and forearm hemodynamics during handgrip exercise. American Journal of Hypertension 1994;7(6):566‐70. - PubMed
Cuspidi 1997 {published data only}
    1. Cuspidi C, Lonati L, Sampieri L, Leonetti G, Muiesan ML, Agabiti‐Rosei E, et al. Lack of effect of short‐term lisinopril administration on left ventricular filling dynamics in hypertensive patients with diastolic dysfunction. Blood Pressure 1997;6(5):307‐12. - PubMed
Duprez 1986 {published data only}
    1. Duprez D, Clement DL. Vasodilator effects of enalapril in patients with arterial hypertension. Acta Cardiologica 1986;41(5):359‐64. - PubMed
Fagard 2001 {published data only}
    1. Fagard R, Lijnen P, Pardaens K, Thijs L, Vinck W. A randomised, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, crossover study of losartan and enalapril in patients with essential hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension 2001;15(3):161‐7. - PubMed
Gall 1992 {published data only}
    1. Gall MA, Rossing P, Skott P, Hommel E, Mathiesen ER, Gerdes LU, et al. Placebo‐controlled comparison of captopril, metoprolol, and hydrochlorothiazide therapy in non‐insulin‐dependent diabetic patients with primary hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1992;5(5 Pt 1):257‐65. - PubMed
Gans 1993 {published data only}
    1. Gans RO, Stehouwer CD, Bilo HJ, Goggin T, Kraaij CJ, Donker AJ, et al. Effect of cilazapril on glucose tolerance and lipid profile in hypertensive patients with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 1993;43(3‐4):163‐73. - PubMed
Gleerup 1996 {published data only}
    1. Gleerup G, Petersen JR, Mehlsen J, Winther K. Effect of spirapril and hydrochlorothiazide on platelet function and euglobulin clot lysis time in patients with mild hypertension. Angiology 1996;47(10):951‐5. - PubMed
Guitard 1994a {published data only}
    1. Guitard C, Alvisi V, Maibach E, Franck J, Cocco G, Boxho G, et al. Placebo‐controlled comparison of spirapril at 6, 12 and 24 mg/day in mild to severe essential hypertension. Blood Pressure 1994;Supplement. 2:81‐7. - PubMed
Gupta 1990 {published data only}
    1. Gupta RK, Kjeldsen SE, Krause L, Kneisley J, Posvar E, Weder AB, et al. Hemodynamic effects of quinapril, a novel angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1990;48(1):41‐9. - PubMed
    1. Gupta RK, Kjeldsen SE, Motley E, Weder AB, Zweifler AJ, Julius S. Platelet function during antihypertensive treatment with quinapril, a novel angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1991;17(1):13‐9. - PubMed
Homuth 1993a {published data only}
    1. Homuth V, Faulhaber HD, Loose U, Loffler K, Luft FC. Usefulness of piretanide plus ramipril for systemic hypertension: a multicenter trial. American Journal of Cardiology 1993;72(9):666‐71. - PubMed
Hu 1999 {published data only}
    1. Hu Y, Zhu J. Quality of life of patients with mild hypertension treated with captopril: A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Chinese Medical Journal 1999;112(4):302‐7. - PubMed
Kahan 1999 {published data only}
    1. Kahan T, Eliasson K. The influence of long‐term ACE inhibitor treatment on circulatory responses to stress in human hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1999;12(12 I):1188‐94. - PubMed
Karlberg 1987 {published data only}
    1. Karlberg BE, Lindstrom T, Rosenqvist U, Ohman KP. Efficacy, tolerance and hormonal effects of a new oral angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril (HOE 498), in mild to moderate primary hypertension. American Journal of Cardiology 1987;59(10):104D‐9D. - PubMed
Kjeldsen 1992 {published data only}
    1. Kjeldsen SE, Gupta RK, Krause L, Weder AB, Julius S. Does blood pressure reduction necessarily compromise cardiac function or renal hemodynamics? Effects of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor quinapril. American Heart Journal 1992;123(5):1433‐8. - PubMed
Lacourciere 1999 {published data only}
    1. Lacourciere Y, Bittar N, Blanchard E, Kilpatrick FW, Schumacher D, Chappel C, et al. The incidence of cough: A comparison of lisinopril, placebo and telmisartan, a novel angiotensin II antagonist. International Journal of Clinical Practice 1999;53(2):99‐103. - PubMed
Lavezzaro 1990 {published data only}
    1. Lavezzaro G, Ladetto PE, Valente M, Stramignoni D, Zanna C, Assogna G, et al. Ketanserin and captopril interaction in the treatment of essential hypertensives. Cardiovascular Drugs & Therapy 1990;4(SUPPL. 1):119‐22. - PubMed
Leonetti 1991 {published data only}
    1. Leonetti G, Mazzola C, Pasotti C, Angioni L, Vaccarella A, Capra A, et al. Treatment of hypertension in the elderly: Effects on blood pressure, heart rate, and physical fitness. American Journal of Medicine 1991;90(SUPPL.3A):12S‐3S. - PubMed
Littler 1990 {published data only}
    1. Littler WA, West JW. Twenty‐four hour action of ACE inhibitors. Journal of Human Hypertension 1990;4(SUPPL. 4):13‐6. - PubMed
Louis 1992 {published data only}
    1. Louis WJ, Workman BS, Conway EL, Worland P, Rowley K, Drummer O, et al. Single‐dose and steady‐state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of perindopril in hypertensive subjects. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1992;20(3):505‐11. - PubMed
Miyajima 1999 {published data only}
    1. Miyajima E, Shigemasa T, Yamada Y, Tochikubo O, Ishii M. Angiotensin II blunts, while an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor augments, reflex sympathetic inhibition in humans. Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology 1999;26(10):797‐802. - PubMed
Morgan 2001 {published data only}
    1. Morgan TO, Anderson AI, MacInnis RJ. ACE inhibitors, beta‐blockers, calcium blockers, and diuretics for the control of systolic hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 2001;14(3):241‐7. - PubMed
Petersen 1996 {published data only}
    1. Petersen JR, Drabaek H, Gleerup G, Mehlsen J, Petersen LJ, Winther K. ACE inhibition with spirapril improves diastolic function at rest independent of vasodilation during treatment with spirapril in mild to moderate hypertension. Angiology 1996;47(3):233‐40. - PubMed
Petrie 2000 {published data only}
    1. Petrie JR, Morris AD, Ueda S, Small M, Donnelly R, Connell JM, et al. Trandolapril does not improve insulin sensitivity in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2000;85(5):1882‐9. - PubMed
Petrov 2001 {published data only}
    1. Petrov VV, Fagard RH, Lijnen PJ. T‐lymphocyte and plasma angiotensin‐converting enzyme activity during enalapril and losartan administration in humans. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2001;38(4):578‐83. - PubMed
Plouin 1991 {published data only}
    1. Plouin PF, Battaglia C, Alhenc‐Gelas F, Corvol P. Are angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and aldosterone antagonism equivalent in hypertensive patients over fifty?. American Journal of Hypertension 1991;4(4 Pt 1):356‐62. - PubMed
Pritchard 1996 {published data only}
    1. Pritchard G, Lyons D, Webster J, Petrie JC, MacDonald TM. Do trandolapril and indomethacin influence renal function and renal functional reserve in hypertensive patients?. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1997;44(2):145‐9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pritchard G, Lyons D, Webster J, Petrie JC, MacDonald TM. Indomethacin does not attenuate the hypotensive effect of trandolapril. Journal of Human Hypertension 1996;10(11):763‐7. - PubMed
Reisin 1997 {published data only}
    1. Reisin E, Weir MR, Falkner B, Hutchinson HG, Anzalone DA, Tuck ML. Lisinopril versus hydrochlorothiazide in obese hypertensive patients: a multicenter placebo‐controlled trial. Treatment in Obese Patients With Hypertension (TROPHY) Study Group. Hypertension 1997;30(1 Pt 1):140‐5. - PubMed
Salvetti 1987 {published data only}
    1. Salvetti A, Innocenti PF, Iardella M, Pambianco F, Saba GC, Rossetti M, et al. Captopril and nifedipine interactions in the treatment of essential hypertensives: a crossover study. Journal of Hypertension ‐ Supplement 1987;5(4):S139‐42. - PubMed
Salvetti 1988 {published data only}
    1. Salvetti A, Circo A, Raciti S, Gulizia M, Cardillo R, Miceli S, et al. Captopril at 50 mg as well as at 100 mg once a day reduces blood pressure for up to 24 h: a double‐blind randomized crossover study in mild to moderate hypertensives. Journal of Hypertension ‐ Supplement 1988;6(4):S666‐8. - PubMed
Salvetti 1989 {published data only}
    1. Salvetti A, Arzilli F. Chronic dose‐response curve of enalapril in essential hypertensives. An Italian multicenter study. American Journal of Hypertension 1989;2(5 Pt 1):352‐4. - PubMed
Samuelsson 1992 {published data only}
    1. Samuelsson O, Hedner T, Ljungman S, Herlitz H, Widgren B, Pennert K. A comparative study of lisinopril and atenolol on low degree urinary albumin excretion, renal function and haemodynamics in uncomplicated, primary hypertension. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1992;43(5):469‐75. - PubMed
Sassano 1984a {published data only}
    1. Sassano P, Chatellier G, Amiot AM, Alhenc‐Gelas F, Corvol P, Menard J. A double‐blind randomized evaluation of converting enzyme inhibition as the first‐step treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. Journal of Hypertension ‐ Supplement 1984;2(2):S75‐80. - PubMed
Scholze 1993 {published data only}
    1. Scholze J, Breitstadt A, Cairns V, Bauer B, Bender N, Priestley C, et al. Short report: ramipril and hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy in hypertension: a clinical trial of factorial design. The East Germany Collaborative Trial Group. Journal of Hypertension 1993;11(2):217‐21. - PubMed
Thurig 1995 {published data only}
    1. Thurig C, Bohlen L, Schneider M, Courten M, Shaw SG, Riesen W, et al. Lisinopril is neutral to insulin sensitivity and serum lipoproteins in essential hypertensive patients. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1995;49(1‐2):21‐6. - PubMed
Tomei 1992 {published data only}
    1. Tomei R, Rossi L, Carbonieri E, Franceschini L, Molon G, Zardini P. Antihypertensive effect of lisinopril assessed by 24‐hour ambulatory monitoring: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over study. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1992;19(6):911‐4. - PubMed
Wiggam 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wiggam MI, Hunter SJ, Atkinson AB, Ennis CN, Henry JS, Browne JN, et al. Captopril does not improve insulin action in essential hypertension: a double‐blind placebo‐controlled study. Journal of Hypertension 1998;16(11):1651‐7. - PubMed
Wilkins 1983 {published data only}
    1. Wilkins LH, Dustan HP, Walker JF, Oparil S. Enalapril in low‐renin essential hypertension. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1983;34(3):297‐302. - PubMed
Wing 1987 {published data only}
    1. Wing LM, Chalmers JP, West MJ, Bune AJ, Russell AE, Elliott JM, et al. Treatment of hypertension with enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide or enalapril and atenolol: contrasts in hypotensive interactions. Journal of Hypertension ‐ Supplement 1987;5(5):S603‐6. - PubMed
Wing 1988 {published data only}
    1. Wing LM, Chalmers JP, West MJ, Russell AE, Morris MJ, Cain MD, et al. Enalapril and atenolol in essential hypertension: attenuation of hypotensive effects in combination. Clinical & Experimental Hypertension ‐ Part A, Theory & Practice 1988;10(1):119‐33. - PubMed
Youssef 1993 {published data only}
    1. Youssef S, Osman L, Sabbour MS. Serum lipoprotein profile under different antihypertensive therapy. Cardiovascular Risk Factors 1993;3(2):107‐11. - PubMed
Zanchetti 2001 {published data only}
    1. Zanchetti A, Omboni S. Comparison of candesartan versus enalapril in essential hypertension. Italian Candesartan Study Group. American Journal of Hypertension 2001;14(2):129‐34. - PubMed

Additional references

Bucher 1997
    1. Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Griffith LE, Walter D. The results of direct and indirect treatment comparisons in meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1997;50(6):683‐91. - PubMed
Cochrane Handbook
    1. Sterne JAC, Egger M, Moher D (editors). Chapter 10: Addressing reporting biases. In: Higgins JPT, Green S editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org, Version 5.0.0 (updated February 2008).
Heran 2002
    1. Heran BS, Jauca CD, Wright JM. Development of an optimal search strategy for finding trials demonstrating ACE inhibitor blood pressure lowering efficacy. 10th International Cochran Colloquium, Stavenger, Norway 2002.
Jadad 1996
    1. 88.Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carrol D, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?. Controlled Clinical Trials 1996;17:1‐12. - PubMed
Song 2003
    1. Song F, Altman DG, Glenny AM Deeks JJ. Validity of indirect comparison for estimating efficacy of competing interventions: emperical evidence from published meta‐analyses. British Medical Journal 2003;326:472‐76. - PMC - PubMed
WHO‐ICTRP
    1. World Health Organization. International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). Available from: http://www.who.int/ictrp/en 2006 [cited 2008 Feb 29].

MeSH terms

Substances