Use of aqueous slurry sampling for the determination of lead in human hair samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract

A method for the determination of lead in human hair slurries by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was optimized. Particle size reduction was achieved with a vibrational mill ball equipped with zirconia cups, 20 min being sufficient grinding time to achieve an adequate particle diameter (<1 mum). The use of different thickening agents, namely glycerol, Triton X-100 and Viscalex HV30, was studied and glycerol was found to be the best. The use of Pd and Mg(NO(3))(2) at optimum concentrations of 20 and 25 mg l(-1) respectively was found to be satisfactory for stabilizing lead at 1100 degrees C. A limit of detection of 0.21 mg kg(-1) was obtained. The limit of detection can be reduced to 0.05 mg kg(-1) without loss of analytical performance by increasing four-fold the amount of hair sample. Accuracy was studied by analysis of a CRM 397 human hair reference material with a certified lead content of 33.0 +/- 1.2 mg Pb kg(-1). The standard addition method was used for the determination of lead in hair samples from healthy people, the levels being between 2.3 and 35.5 mg kg(-1).