Pregnancy and rheumatic disease: "by the book" or "by the doc"

Abstract

Pregnancy is an important condition that can affect and be affected by rheumatic disease. Overall, pregnancy is viewed as a Th2-predominant state, but several Th1-related cytokines are vital to early pregnancy. In rheumatoid arthritis for example, the majority of women improve by the beginning of the second trimester, but the majority (90%) will flare in the first 3 to 4 months postpartum. In contrast, systemic lupus erythematosus has an unpredictable course in pregnancy, leaving most rheumatologists to recommend a disease-quiescent state prior to conception. Other diseases such as scleroderma are less clear because the disease less commonly presents in the childbearing period. Many immunosuppressive medications for the rheumatic diseases are contraindicated in pregnancy because of their mechanisms of action leaving only a select few "safe" medications. Significant heterogeneity between the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) category for a medication and what a rheumatologist does in clinic leads to confusion on how a patient should be treated for active rheumatic disease both peripartum and postpartum, particularly if the patient is breastfeeding. We review the general state of pregnancy and how it is affected by prototypical rheumatic diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In addition, we present the most commonly used disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and immunosuppressants and explain the difference between the FDA category and clinical practice among rheumatologists. Finally, we provide some general recommendations on how to manage a rheumatic disease during pregnancy including: (a) preconception planning to ensure no teratogenic medications on board, (b) early disclosure of pregnancy to all caregivers including the rheumatologist, family physician, obstetrician, and maternal-fetal medicine specialist, and (c) planning of safe medication use for acute flare-ups and disease suppression peripartum and postpartum.