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Review
. 2009 Feb;53(2):343-53.
doi: 10.1128/AAC.00781-08. Epub 2008 Nov 10.

Genetic elements responsible for erythromycin resistance in streptococci

Pietro E Varaldo  1 , Maria Pia Montanari, Eleonora Giovanetti
Affiliations
Review

Genetic elements responsible for erythromycin resistance in streptococci

Pietro E Varaldo et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Feb.
No abstract available

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Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
erm(B)-carrying elements. The erm(B) gene is indicated as a checkered red arrow. Light-blue arrows indicate Tn916 and Tn916-related ORFs other than tet(M) (blue). Pink, green, and orange arrows indicate ORFs from Tn917, the erm(B) element, and the MAS element, respectively, other than erm(B). A brown arrow indicates a putative IS1239 insertion sequence of Tn1545. Pink, green, orange, and brown areas between ORF maps denote insertions and homologies.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 2.
Schematic and comparative representation of the erm(TR)-flanking regions from three erm(TR)-carrying elements (Tn1806 from S. pneumoniae, and an unnamed element [sequence accession no. FM162351] and ICE 10750-RD.2 from S. pyogenes). The erm(TR) gene is indicated as a checkered red arrow. White arrows indicate matching ORFs; arrows in other colors indicate other ORFs. Gray areas between ORF maps indicate areas of homology (with the approximate percentage reported).
FIG. 3.
FIG. 3.
mef(A)-carrying elements. Yellow arrows indicate Tn1207.1 and related ORFs other than mef(A) (oblique pink stripes) and msr(D) (horizontal orange stripes). A dark blue arrow indicates tet(O). Gray areas between ORF maps indicate areas of homology.
FIG. 4.
FIG. 4.
mef(E)-carrying elements. Yellow arrows indicate Tn1207.1-related ORFs other than mef(E) (oblique pink stripes) and msr(D) (horizontal orange stripes). A blue arrow indicates tet(M). Green arrows indicate ORFs from the erm(B) element other than erm(B) (checkered red).
FIG. 5.
FIG. 5.
mef(I)-carrying element (5216IQ complex). Purple arrows indicate ORFs from transposon Tn5252. Light-blue arrows indicate ORFs from transposon Tn916 other than tet(M) (blue). White arrows indicate ORFs from the IQ element other than mef(I) (oblique pink stripes), msr(D) (horizontal orange stripes), and catQ (bright green).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Achard, A., V. Guérin-Faublée, V. Pichereau, C. Villers, and R. Leclercq. 2008. Emergence of macrolide resistance gene mph(B) in Streptococcus uberis and cooperative effects with rdmC-like gene. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52:2767-2770. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Alarcon-Chaidez, F., J. Sampath, P. Srinivas, and M. N. Vijayakumar. 1997. Tn5252: a model for complex streptococcal conjugative transposons. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 418:1029-1032. - PubMed
    1. Ambrose, K. D., R. Nisbet, and D. S. Stephens. 2005. Macrolide efflux in Streptococcus pneumoniae is mediated by a dual efflux pump (mel and mef) and is erythromycin inducible. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49:4203-4209. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Amezaga, M. R., P. E. Carter, P. Cash, and H. McKenzie. 2002. Molecular epidemiology of erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from blood and noninvasive sites. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:3313-3318. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Amezaga, M. R., and H. McKenzie. 2006. Molecular epidemiology of macrolide resistance in β-hemolytic streptococci of Lancefield groups A, B, C, and G and evidence for a new mef element in group G streptococci that carries allelic variants of mef and msr(D). J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57:443-449. - PubMed

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