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Review
. 2009:55:111-29.
doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78748-0_7.

Altering the motivational function of nicotine through conditioning processes

Rick A Bevins  1
Affiliations
Review

Altering the motivational function of nicotine through conditioning processes

Rick A Bevins. Nebr Symp Motiv. 2009.
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 7.1
Figure 7.1
Each panel shows data for a rat in a nicotine self-administration experiment conducted by Jennifer Murray in my laboratory. The main narrative includes a description of the procedures. All rats readily self-administered nicotine as indicated by more responding on the active (nicotine) than inactive lever.
Figure 7.2
Figure 7.2
Panel A shows a typical conditioning chamber set up to conduct two-lever operant drug discrimination. The text associated with each arrow describes the response contingency in force under a prototypical drug discrimination experiment using nicotine and saline as the injected solutions to be discriminated. Panel B shows hypothetical stimulus associations that are imbedded within the response contingencies of an operant drug discrimination study. Although only a nicotine session is shown for simplicity sake, it is clear that there are many direct and higher-order associations possible (see narrative for more detail).
Figure 7.3
Figure 7.3
Panel A shows a schematic of a typical protocol used to train the interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine as an excitatory CS. In brief, nicotine sessions are intermixed with saline session. On nicotine sessions, rats receive intermittent access to sucrose in a dipper receptacle; sucrose is withheld on saline sessions. Panel B shows acquisition of conditioned responding (i.e., dipper entries before first sucrose delivery or equivalent time in saline sessions) to the nicotine CS. In this study conducted by Jill Rosno in my laboratory, the nicotine CS dose was (0.4 mg base/kg, SC) and the US was 26% sucrose. In a given nicotine session, There were 36 separate 4-sec deliveries of the sucrose US.
Figure 7.4
Figure 7.4
This figure shows results of an experiment conducted by Jennifer Murray in my laboratory using a 1-sec intravenous administration of 0.01 mg base/kg nicotine as the CS; 4 sec access to the sucrose US followed 30 sec later. Intravenous nicotine acquired control over conditioned responding and this conditioning was susceptible to extinction.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. Besheer J, Palmatier MI, Metschke DM, Bevins RA. Nicotine as a signal for the presence or absence of sucrose reward: A Pavlovian drug appetitive conditioning preparation in rats. Psychopharmacology. 2004;172:108–117. - PubMed
    1. Bevins RA, Delzer TA, Bardo MT. Second-order conditioning detects unexpressed morphine-induced salt aversion. Animal Learning & Behavior. 1996;24:221–229.
    1. Bevins RA. Should we essentially ignore the role of stimuli in a general account of operant selection? Behavioral & Brain Sciences. 2001;24:528–529.
    1. Bevins RA, Besheer J, Pickett KS. Nicotine-conditioned locomotor activity in rats: Dopaminergic and GABAergic influences on conditioned expression. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 2001;68:135–145. - PubMed

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