Age-related differences in dual task walking: a cross sectional study

Abstract

Background: Variability in stride velocity during walking characterizes gait instability and predicts falling in older individuals. Walking while executing a cognitive task is also associated with increased risk of falling, particularly in older adults. Variability in stride velocity, particularly during dual task walking conditions, may differ between younger and older individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine whether gait velocity and variability in stride velocity differ between older community-dwelling women and younger women during dual task walking.

Methods: Twenty-three older (80 +/- 9 years) and 19 younger (23 +/- 2 years) women walked under each of two conditions: (1) walking at a self-selected velocity and (2) walking at a self-selected velocity while incrementally counting backwards. Gait velocity and variability in stride velocity were measured with GAITRite instrumentation.

Results: Gait velocity decreased and variability in stride variability increased, in both groups, during dual task walking. The relative reduction in gait velocity and the magnitude of variability in stride velocity were greater in the older subjects than younger subjects.

Conclusion: The gait changes observed in dual task walking characterize reduced gait stability and indicate that cognitively demanding tasks during walking have a destabilizing effect on gait that may place older persons at greater risk of falls.

Figure 1

Gait Velocity. Gait velocity in the normal and dual task walking conditions (error bars represent one standard deviation). The difference in gait velocity between the normal and dual task walking conditions is statistically significant [F(1,40) = 61.713, p < 0.001]. The difference in gait velocity between older and younger subjects is statistically significant [F(1,40) = 90.247, p < 0.001].

Figure 2

Variability in stride velocity. Variability in stride velocity in the normal and dual task walking conditions, as quantified with the coefficient of variation (error bars represent one standard deviation). The difference in variability in stride velocity between the normal and dual task walking conditions is statistically significant [F(1,40) = 20.281, p < 0.001]. The difference in variability in stride velocity between older and younger subjects is statistically significant [F(1,40) = 13.232, p = 0.001].

Figure 3

Characteristic example of stride velocity. Characteristic example of stride velocity in an 87 year old woman. Mean velocity in the normal walking condition is 67.1 cm/s and variability in stride velocity, as quantified with the coefficient of variation (CV), is 5.9% CV. Mean velocity in the dual task walking condition is 37.6 cm/s and stride-to-stride variability in velocity is 25.3% CV.