The major amino acid transporter superfamily has a similar core structure as Na+-galactose and Na+-leucine transporters

Abstract

The sodium solute symporters (SSS) and neurotransmitter sodium symporters (NSS) are two families of secondary transporters that are not related in amino acid sequence. Nonetheless, recent crystal structures showed that the Na(+)/galactose (SSS) and Na(+)/leucine (NSS) transporters have similar core structures. The structural relatedness highlights the need for classification methods for membrane protein structures based on other criteria than amino acid similarity. Here, we demonstrate that a method based on hydropathy profile alignments convincingly identifies structural similarity between the NSS and SSS families. Most importantly, the method shows that one of the largest transporter families for which a crystal structure is elusive (the amino acid/polyamine/organocation or APC superfamily), also shares the similar core structure observed for the Na(+)/galactose and Na(+)/leucine transporters. The APC superfamily contains the major amino acid transporter families that are found throughout life. Insight into their structure will significantly facilitate the studies of this important group of transporters.