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Review
. 2008 Dec;57(12):3169-76.
doi: 10.2337/db08-1084.

The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes

Philip E Cryer  1
Affiliations
Review

The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes

Philip E Cryer. Diabetes. 2008 Dec.
No abstract available

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Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Physiological and behavioral defenses against hypoglycemia in humans. ACh, acetylcholine; NE, norepinephrine; PNS, parasympathetic nervous system; SNS, sympathetic nervous system. From Cryer PE: Mechanisms of sympathoadrenal failure and hypoglycemia in diabetes. J Clin Invest 116:14701–473, 2006. © 2006, American Society for Clinical Investigation. All rights reserved.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 2.
Schematic diagram of HAAF in diabetes. Modified from Cryer PE: Diverse causes of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in diabetes. N Engl J Med 350:22722–279, 2004. © 2004 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
FIG. 3.
FIG. 3.
Pancreatic islet and hypothalamic and cerebral network mechanisms of HAAF in diabetes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Cryer PE: Hypoglycemia in Diabetes: Pathophysiology, Prevalence, and Prevention. American Diabetes Association, Alexandria, VA. In press
    1. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329 :977 –986,1993 - PubMed
    1. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group: Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352 :837 –853,1998 - PubMed
    1. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group: Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 352 :854 –865,1998 - PubMed
    1. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 44 :968 –983,1995 - PubMed

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