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. 2008 Dec;65(12):1410-8.
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.12.1410.

Cognitive ability in early adulthood and risk of 5 specific psychiatric disorders in middle age: the Vietnam experience study

Catharine R Gale  1 , Ian J Deary, Stephen H Boyle, John Barefoot, Laust H Mortensen, G David Batty
Affiliations

Cognitive ability in early adulthood and risk of 5 specific psychiatric disorders in middle age: the Vietnam experience study

Catharine R Gale et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Dec.

Abstract

Context: Lower cognitive ability is a risk factor for some forms of psychopathology, but much of the evidence for risk is based on individuals who required specialist care. It is unclear whether lower ability influences the risk of particular patterns of comorbidity.

Objective: To examine the relation between premorbid cognitive ability in early adulthood and the risk of major depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol and other drug abuse or dependence, and comorbid forms of these conditions in midlife.

Design: Prospective cohort study in which cognitive ability was measured on enlistment into military service at a mean age of 20.4 years and psychiatric disorder was assessed by structured diagnostic interview at a mean age of 38.3 years.

Setting: The United States.

Participants: A total of 3258 male veterans, participants in the Vietnam Experience Study.

Main outcome measures: Major depression, GAD, PTSD, and alcohol or other drug abuse or dependence since enlistment and currently, diagnosed according to the DSM-III.

Results: Lower cognitive ability was associated with an increased risk of depression, GAD, alcohol abuse or dependence, and PTSD and with some patterns of comorbidity. For a 1-SD decrease in cognitive ability, unadjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for having these disorders currently were 1.32 (1.12-1.56) for depression, 1.43 (1.27-1.64) for GAD, 1.20 (1.08-1.35) for alcohol abuse or dependence, 1.39 (1.18-1.67) for PTSD, 2.50 (1.41-4.55) for PTSD plus GAD, 2.17 (1.47-3.22) for PTSD plus GAD plus depression, and 2.77 (1.12-6.66) for all 4 disorders. Most associations remained statistically significant after adjustment for confounders.

Conclusions: Lower cognitive ability is a risk factor for several specific psychiatric disorders, including some forms of comorbidity. Understanding the mechanisms whereby ability is linked to individual patterns of psychopathology may inform intervention.

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Figures

Figure
Figure
Venn diagram shows the unadjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for pure and comorbid forms of psychiatric disorder since enlistment (A) and currently (B) for a 1-SD decrease in cognitive ability. All analyses are based on our study sample (N=3258), except for pure and comorbid forms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which are based on combat-exposed Vietnam veterans (n=1659). GAD indicates generalized anxiety disorder. We did not calculate odds ratios for forms of comorbidity with fewer than 5 cases.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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