Risperidone alters food intake, core body temperature, and locomotor activity in mice

Abstract

Risperidone induces significant weight gain in female mice; however, the underlying mechanisms related to this effect are unknown. We investigated the effects of risperidone on locomotor activity, core body temperature, and uncoupling protein (UCP) and hypothalamic orexin mRNA expression. Female C57BL/6J mice were acclimated to individual housing and randomly assigned to either risperidone (4 mg/kg BW day) or placebo (PLA). Activity and body temperature were measured over 48-hour periods twice a week for 3 weeks. Food intake and body weights were measured weekly. UCP1 (BAT), UCP3 (gastrocnemius), and orexin (hypothalamus) mRNA expressions were measured using RT-PCR. Risperidone-treated mice consumed more food (p=0.050) and gained more weight (p=0.0001) than PLA-treated mice after 3 weeks. During the initial 2 days of treatment, there was an acute effect of treatment on activity (p=0.046), but not body temperature (p=0.290). During 3 weeks of treatment, average core body temperatures were higher in risperidone-treated mice compared to controls during the light phase (p=0.0001), and tended to be higher during the dark phase (p=0.057). Risperidone-treated mice exhibited lower activity levels than controls during the dark phase (p=0.006); there were no differences in activity during the light phase (p=0.47). UCP1 (p<0.01) and UCP3 (p<0.05) mRNA expressions were greater in risperidone-treated mice compared to controls, whereas, orexin mRNA expression was lower in risperidone-treated mice (p<0.01). These results suggest that risperidone-induced weight gain in mice is a consequence of increased energy intake and reduced activity, while the elevation in body temperature may be a result of thermogenic effect of food intake and elevated UCP1, UCP3, and a reduced hypothalamic orexin expression.

Figure 1

a) Weekly food intake from one week prior to treatment initiation and during 3 weeks of treatment with placebo or risperidone. Treatment effect (p=0.050); time effect (p=0.003); time x treatment interaction (p=0.49); b) Body weights at baseline and during 3 weeks of treatment with placebo or risperidone. Treatment effect (p=0.029); time effect (p=0.0001); time x treatment interaction (p=0.004)

Figure 2

Core body temperatures for days 1 and 2 of treatment (arrows indicate treatment time; initial treatment given at 0 hours; * p<0.05). Treatment effect (p=0.55); time effect (p=0.0001); time x treatment interaction (p=0.0001).

Figure 3

Core body temperatures of mice treated with placebo or risperidone during the (a) dark phase [Treatment effect (p=0.057); time effect (p=0.0001); time x treatment interaction (p=0.0005)]; (b) light phase [Treatment effect (p=0.0001); time effect (p=0.0001); time x treatment interaction (p=0.0001)] * p<0.05 for individual time points after applying the Bonferoni correction.

Figure 4

Activity counts for days 1 and 2 of treatment. Arrows indicate treatment time; initial treatment given at 0 hours. Treatment effect (p=0.049); time effect (p=0.0001); time x treatment interaction (p=0.20).

Figure 5

Activity counts of mice treated with placebo or risperidone during the (a) dark phase [treatment effect (p=0.006); time effect (p=0.0001); time x treatment interaction (p=0.47)]; (b) light phase [treatment effect (p=0.472); time effect (p=0.011); time x treatment interaction (p=0.51)].

Figure 6

Relative mRNA expressions of UCP1 in BAT, UCP3 in gastrocnemius muscle (GAST), and Orexin in hypothalamus (HYPO) from mice following three weeks of placebo or risperidone treatment. *p<0.05.