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. 2009 Apr;89(4):1213-9.
doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26698. Epub 2009 Feb 3.

Estimates of excess deaths associated with body mass index and other anthropometric variables

Katherine M Flegal  1 , Barry I Graubard
Affiliations

Estimates of excess deaths associated with body mass index and other anthropometric variables

Katherine M Flegal et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Apr.

Abstract

Background: Estimates of excess mortality associated with body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) have been calculated for the US population.

Objective: The objective of this article is to compare the excess mortality associated with BMI levels to the excess mortality associated with other anthropometric variables.

Design: For the 1988-1994 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, estimates of excess deaths were calculated for standard BMI levels and for comparable levels of percentage body fat, waist circumference, hip and arm circumferences, waist-hip ratio, the sum of 4 skinfold thicknesses, and waist-stature ratio. The outcome measure is the percentage of deaths in the full sample in excess of those predicted for the reference category.

Results: For the level equivalent to BMI <18.5, estimates of excess deaths ranged from 0.3% for waist-hip ratio to 2.4% for percentage body fat. All except waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and waist-stature ratio were significantly greater than zero (P < 0.05). For the level equivalent to BMI 25 to <30, the percentage of excess deaths was 0.1% for percentage body fat and negative for all other variables; estimates were significantly below zero only for circumferences and waist-stature ratio. For the level equivalent to BMI > or = 30, estimates ranged from -1.7% for waist circumference to 1.5% for percentage of fat; none were significantly different from zero. Estimates for all-cause mortality, obesity-related causes of death, and other causes of death showed no statistically significant or systematic differences between BMI and other variables.

Conclusion: In this population-based study, attributable fractions of deaths were similar across measures.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Estimated attributable fractions and 95% CIs for all-cause mortality for different anthropometric and body composition variables. 1, BMI; 2, percentage of fat; 3, waist circumference; 4, hip circumference; 5, arm circumference; 6, waist-hip ratio; 7, sum of skinfolds; and 8, waist-stature ratio.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Estimated attributable fractions and 95% CIs for mortality from cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or obesity-related cancers for different anthropometric and body composition variables. 1, BMI; 2, percentage of fat; 3, waist circumference; 4, hip circumference; 5, arm circumference; 6, waist-hip ratio; 7, sum of skinfolds; and 8, waist-stature ratio.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Estimated attributable fractions and 95% CIs for mortality from all causes other than cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or obesity-related cancers for different anthropometric and body composition variables. 1, BMI; 2, percentage of fat; 3, waist circumference; 4, hip circumference; 5, arm circumference; 6, waist-hip ratio; 7, sum of skinfolds; and 8, waist-stature ratio.
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