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. 2009 Apr;149(4):1625-31.
doi: 10.1104/pp.108.133090. Epub 2009 Feb 6.

Emerging parallels between stomatal and muscle cell lineages

Laura Serna  1
Affiliations

Emerging parallels between stomatal and muscle cell lineages

Laura Serna. Plant Physiol. 2009 Apr.
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The role of bHLH genes in stomatal and muscle development. A, Stomatal development. SPCH starts stomatal development by inducing the first asymmetric division, which gives rise to the first meristemoid. Two or three divisions after the formation of the first meristemoid, MUTE drives the last asymmetric cell division, producing the guard mother cell. Then, FAMA regulates the symmetric division that gives rise to the two guard cells. SCRM and SCRM2, in a dosage-dependent manner, specify the actions of SPCH, MUTE, and FAMA. (Adapted from MacAlister et al. [2007], Pillitteri et al. [2007], Serna [2007], and Kanaoka et al. [2008].) B, Muscle development. MyoD and Myf5 induce myoblast determination from mesodermal cells. Myoblasts remain in a proliferative state until myogenin instructs them to differentiate into myotubes. MRF4 acts in late differentiation events, producing mature muscle. These MyoD family members function as heterodimers with the E-like proteins. (Adapted from Weintraub [1993] and Pillitteri and Torii [2007].)
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Stomatal phenotype of wild-type and mutant plants in genes encoding for bHLH proteins. Wild-type plants develop stomata that are spaced by intervening cells. Cells do not enter into the stomatal pathway in spch mutants. The mute mutant does not develop stomata but forms meristemoids that abort after excessive asymmetric cell divisions. fama lacks mature stomata and, instead, develops clusters of guard mother cells or young guard cells. The scrm, scrm scrm2/+, and scrm scrm2 mutants phenocopy fama, mute, and spch, respectively. (Adapted from MacAlister et al. [2007] and Serna [2007].)
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Phylogeny and comparison of bHLH proteins regulating stomatal development in Arabidopsis. A, Phylogeny of the bHLH proteins that control stomatal development. Myogenic bHLH proteins serve as an outgroup. SPCH, MUTE, and FAMA cluster in the same clade. bHLH093 clusters in the SCRM/SCRM2 clade. The bHLH domains were used to calculate the neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree using ClustalX2 software. Branch lengths are proportional to sequence distance. Bootstrap values are based on 1,000 replicates. The GenBank accession numbers are as follows (in parentheses): bHLH071 (NP_568666), FAMA (Q56YJ8), MUTE (ABI74926), SPCH (ABI26170), bHLH93 (NP_001078801), SCRM2 (ACA63683), SCRM (AAP14668), E12 human (CAC14267), HEB human (NP_996923), E47 human (NP_001129611), MyoD human (CAA40000), Myf5 human (NP_005584), MRF4 human (NP_002460), and myogenin human (NP_002470). B, Sequence comparisons among the bHLH domains. The H-E-R residues are shown in red. The basic region is shown in boldface type. Asterisks indicate identical residues, colons indicate conservative changes, and periods indicate semiconservative changes. Proteins were aligned using the ClustalW2 software.
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